Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in A388--------dc22 ©2005Inter-American Development Bank 1300 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20577The views and interpretations in this document are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Inter-American Development Bank, or to any individual acting on its behalf. This paper may be freely reproduced provided credit is given to the Research Department, InterAmerican Development Bank.The Research Department (RES) produces a quarterly newsletter, IDEA (Ideas for Development in the Americas), as well as working papers and books on diverse economic issues. To obtain a complete list of RES publications, and read or download them please visit our web site at: http://www.iadb.org/res 2 Abstract 1 This paper analyzes the reasons behind the low rates of contribution to social security programs in developing countries. Using a large set of harmonized household surveys from Latin America we compare contribution patterns among wage employees, for whom participation is compulsory, with contribution patterns among self-employed workers, for whom participation is often voluntary. In all countries, contribution rates among salaried workers are similarly correlated with education, earnings, size of the employer, household characteristics and age. In addition, contribution patterns among salaried workers are highly correlated with contribution patterns among the self-employed. Our results indicate that on average more than 30 percent of the explained within-country variance in contributions patterns may be accounted for by individuals' low willingness to participate in old-age pension programs. Nonetheless, we also find evidence suggesting that some workers are rationed out of social security against their will.JEL classification: J32, J81

Este análisis del ecosistema de emprendimiento innovador en Guayaquil, Ecuador desde la óptica GovTech se realizó con miras a identificar los diversos actores que, por su área de especialización (verticales de trabajo) o su actividad, deberían conectarse para permitir que más soluciones lleguen del sector privado al sector público para mejorar los servicios que se prestan a la ciudadanía. De todos los actores se analizaron dos variables: el grado de alcance de la institución y el Grado de relación GovTech. Los actores se identificaron en el mapeo se clasifican según su rol en el ecosistema de la siguiente manera: Sector Público, Sector Privado, Inversión/Financiamiento, Academia y Emprendimiento.