It has been proposed that muscle power is more effective to prevent falls than muscle force production capacity, as rapid reactions are required to allow the postural control. This study aimed to compare the effects of strength and power training on lower limb force, functional capacity, and static and dynamic balance in older female adults. Thirty-seven volunteered healthy women had been allocated into the strength-training group (n = 14; 69 ± 7.3 years, 155 ± 5.6 cm, 72 ± 9.7 kg), the power-training group (n = 12; 67 ± 7.4 years, 153 ± 5.5 cm, 67.2 ± 7 kg), and control group (n = 11; 65 ± 3.1 years, 154 ± 5.6 cm, 70.9 ± 3 kg). After 12 weeks of training, the strength-training and power-training groups increased significantly maximum dynamic strength (29% and 27%), isometric strength (26% and 37%), and step total time (13% and 14%, dynamic balance), respectively. However, only the power-training group increased the rate of torque development (55%) and the functional capacity in 30-second chair stand (22%) and in time up and go tests (-10%). Empirically, power training may reduce the risk of injuries due to lower loads compared to strength training, and consequently, the physical effort demand during the training session is lower. Therefore, power training should be recommended as attractive training stimuli to improve lower limb force, functional capacity, and postural control of older female adults.

RESUMOO objetivo dessa revisão sistemática foi analisar os processos de adaptação transcultural e validação da Escala de Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço de Borg (6-20) e de suas instruções durante o exercício em adultos e idosos. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados da área da saúde, esporte e psicologia (Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Bireme (BVS), PsycINFO, SportDiscus e Scopus) e os descritores em inglês e português foram padronizados para todas as bases de dados ("exercise"/"exercício"; "validity"/"validade"; "borg scale"/"escala de borg"; "perceived exertion"/"percepção de esforço"; e "validation"/"validação"). Entre os 1488 artigos encontrados, foram selecionados 14 artigos para análise. Os principais resultados encontrados foram que a adaptação transcultural (Cantonês e Japonês) foi reportada em apenas quatro artigos. Os critérios mais baixos de qualidade metodológica foram aqueles relacionados a definição de percepção de esforço, a instrução e familiarização com a Escala. Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos estudos não realizou o processo de adaptação transcultural e além disso, só a validade concorrente foi utilizada como método de validação. Portanto, é necessário realizar adaptação transcultural da Escala de Borg (6-20) principalmente na língua portuguesa, além dos diferentes tipos de validação para se obter resultados mais precisos. Palavras-chave: Exercício. Percepção. Validade dos testes. Tradução. ABSTRACTThe aim of this systematic review was to check the cross-cultural adaptation and validation processes of Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (6-20) and its instructions during exercise in adults and older adults. The research was conducted in databases that cover the area of health, sport and psychology (Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Bireme (BVS), PsycINFO, SportDiscus and Scopus) and descriptors in English and Portuguese languages were standardized for all databases ("exercise" / "exercicio", "validity" / "validade", "borg scale" / "escala de borg"; "perceived exertion" / "percepção de esforço" and "validation" / "validação"). From 1488 items found, 14 articles were selected for analysis. The main findings were that the cross-cultural adaptation (Cantonese and Japanese) had been reported by four articles. The methodological quality criteria that less scored were related to concept of perception of effort, instructions to use and familiarization with Borg's scale. The concurrent validity was the only validation method reported. Therefore, it is required to perform cross-cultural adaptation of Borg's Scale (6-20), mainly to Portuguese language. Thus, different validation processes should be pefromed to ensure high accuracy in the results. Keywords: Exercise. Perception. Validity of tests. Translating. IntroduçãoA percepção de esforço pode ser definida como a percepção de quão pesada e extenuante é uma tarefa física 1 . É uma medida psicofisiológica, que tem como objetivo quantificar a percepção subjetiva de esforço originada através de todos os sistemas corporais 1,2 . Várias pesquisas têm demonstra...

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of multicomponent and strength training programs on dynamic balance, functional capacity, and gait ability in older women. Methods. Thirty individuals (67 ± 4.3 years; 30.6 ± 3.9 kg/m2) were trained for 12 weeks (3 times per week), following multicomponent (MG: exercises focusing on agility, balance, muscle strength, and aerobic) and strength programs (SG: lower limbs strength exercise). Results. Peak torque of hip flexors (p=0.020) and extensors (p=0.009) and knee flexors (p=0.001) of SG was greater than that of MG at posttraining. In addition, both groups increased peak torque of knee extensors (p=0.002) and plantar extensors with higher effect size for SG (d = −0.41 and −0.48), whereas MG presented higher effect size for plantar flexors muscles (d = −0.55). Only the SG improved the rate of torque development of knee extensors (29%; p=0.002), and this variable was also greater to SG than MG at posttraining (106%). The SG and MG improved dynamic balance although SG presented higher effect size (d = 0.61). Both groups improved the performance on 30 s sit to stand test (p=0.010) with higher effect size for MG (d = −0.54). Only the MG improved the stride length (4%; p=0.011) and gait speed (10%; p=0.024). In addition, the groups improved toe clearance (p=0.035) and heel contact (p=0.010) with higher effect sizes for MG (d = −0.066 and 1.07). Conclusion. Strength training should be considered to increase muscle function and dynamic balance in older women, whereas multicomponent training should be considered to increase functional capacity and gait ability in this population.

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