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Leaves of Guzmania monostachia exposed to ammonium and water deficit showed increased CAM photosynthesis and water deficit tolerance by increasing vacuolar malate channel expression levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and soluble sugar accumulation.

Water availability modulated CAM expression in an organ-compartmented manner in both orchids studied. As distinct regions of the same orchid could perform different photosynthetic pathways and variable degrees of CAM expression depending on the water availability, more attention should be addressed to this in future studies concerning the abundance of CAM plants.