Pada 1 awal hingga pertengahan abad ke-20, teori-teori psikologi barat yaitu Psikologi Klinis dan Psikologi Eksperimen sangat mendominasi dan menjadi dasar untuk praktik dan penelitian (Walsh & Vaughan, 1993). Namun kemudianbeberapa peneliti menemukan bahwa ada pengalaman-pengalaman dalam hidupmanusia yang dapat merubah perspektif dan tujuan hidup seseorang secara signi-fikan (Rateau, 2010). Para ahli humanistik percaya bahwa pengalaman-pengalamanmanusia yang transformasional ini sangat krusial bagi kehidupan dan kesejahteraan,dan tidak dapat diukur dengan metode pengukuran baku (Braud & Anderson,1998).
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