AbStRACt. Information on anatomical structure is needed by breeders working on improvement for drought tolerance. For studying the effect of polyploidy on cassava anatomy and its significance to tolerance to drought, we induced a polyploidy type of a selected clone (UnB 530) by applying an aqueous solution of 0.2% colchicine on lateral buds for a period of 12 h. The stem identified as tetraploid was propagated to produce the whole plant. Free-hand cross-sections of the median portion between stem internodes were made. They were clarified using 50% sodium hypochlorite solution, stained with 1% safranin-alcian blue, passed through an ethanol series and butyl acetate and mounted in synthetic resin. The tetraploid type showed more prismatic and druse crystals in the cortical parenchyma, and its pericycle fibers had thicker walls. The secondary xylem of tetraploid types was wider than diploid ones, having thinner walls and less starch.
O condicionamento fisiológico é uma técnica para a embebição controlada das sementes que permite a ativação dos processos metabólicos da germinação, evitando a emissão da raiz primária, propiciando uniformização e melhor desempenho das plantas em campo. O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi verificar os efeitos do hidrocondicionamento sobre a germinação e vigor de sementes de maxixe. Para isso, duas cultivares Do Norte e Nordestino, representadas por três lotes, foram hidrocondicionadas em papel toalha, a 20 ºC, até atingirem 33,5% de água (Nordestino) ou 38,1% (Do Norte). Em seguida, parte das sementes foram secadas a temperatura ambiente (28-34 ºC) e umidade relativa do ar de 45-55%, até atingirem teores de água de 7,0 a 8,5%. O potencial fisiológico das sementes foi determinado em laboratório, avaliando-se percentagem e índice velocidade de germinação. Em casa de vegetação, determinou-se a percentagem e índice de velocidade de emergência, altura e massa seca das plântulas aos 14 dias após a semeadura. O hidrocondicionamento promove efeitos benéficos sobre as características de germinação e vigor nos lotes das duas cultivares avaliadas.
Species richness and seasonal abundance of solitary bees were investigated in rocky, montane grassland (campo rupestre) (1180 m asl) and cerrado sensu stricto (680 m asl) in the Biribiri State Park, Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Three hundred nineteen nest traps of bamboo canes and black cardboard tubes were monthly inspected at each site during 15 months. A total of eight species of bees built 97 nests. Four species were common to both sites. Tetrapedia aff. curvitarsis Friese and Tetrapedia aff. peckoltii Friese were the most abundant at campo rupestre and cerrado s.s., respectively, followed by Centris analis (Fabricius) in campo rupestre and Centris tarsata Smith in cerrado s.s. The nesting peaks occurred in May in campo rupestre and in February in cerrado s.s. Three cuckoo bees and one bee-fly were collected as natural enemies. The findings suggest that differences between the sites were related more to ecological factors (floral resources, natural nest sites) than to the altitudinal difference. The species richness was similar to that in other habitats with open vegetation. We demonstrate the need to use several types of trap-nest to increase the range of species sampled; some species used only one of the two types traps provided. We also comment on the limitations of trap-nests in cerrado vegetation. Most cerrado species of bees are very selective in their choice for a nesting site, but bees that use trap-nests are more generalists.
Cabacinha (Luffa operculata) is a species that has been used empirically in folk medicine against sinusitis. The fruits have important pharmaceutical substances and studies related to its germination are not available, justifying the determination of the appropriate conditions that make possible the germination of its seeds. Thus, we evaluated the influence of different volumes of water in substrate and temperatures on germination and vigor of cabacinha. The treatments consisted of moistened substrate with water volumes equal to 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 and 3.5 times its weight of the dry paper and the seeds were kept in germination regulated at constant temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C and 20-30°C alternating. The percentage and speed of germination, hypocotyl and roots of the plants were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments arranged in a 4x4 factorial (volumes of water x temperatures), in 4 replications of 25 seeds. The constant temperature of 30°C and the water volume of 2.0 times the weight of dry substrate is the best combination to lead the germination tests of cabacinha seeds.
O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes métodos para a superação da dormência em sementes Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne, visando fornecer conhecimentos técnico-científicos que permitam a criação de um protocolo de germinação. Em um experimento realizado no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (CCA-UFPB), em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, as sementes de D. gardneriana foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: testemunha que consistiu de sementes não escarificadas, sementes escarificadas mecanicamente com lixa n° 120, sementes escarificadas mecanicamente com lixa e submetidas à embebição em água destilada por 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas, sementes submetidas ao desponte na região oposta ao hilo com alicate de unha, sementes submetidas ao desponte na região oposta ao hilo com alicate de unha e postas em embebição em água destilada por 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas, escarificação química com ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 5, 10 e 15 minutos. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos as sementes foram submetidas a testes de germinação e vigor (emergência, índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência, comprimento e massa seca de hipocótilo e raízes). A escarificação mecânica com lixa e o desponte seguidos de imersão em água destilada por seis horas favorecem a porcentagem de germinação de sementes e emergência de plântulas de Dimorphandra gardneriana, e os tratamentos utilizando ácido sulfúrico reduziram drasticamente o vigor destas sementes.
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