Carotid vessel ultrasound imaging is a reliable non-invasive technique to measure the arterial morphology. Vessel diameter, intima-media thickness (IMT) of the far wall and plaque presence can be reliably determined using B-mode ultrasound. In this paper we describe a semi-automatic approach to measure artery diameter and IMT based on an active contour technique improved by a multiresolution analysis. The operator selects a region-of-interest (ROI) in a series of carotid images obtained from B-mode ultrasound. This set of images is convolved with the corresponding partial derivatives of the Gaussian filter. The filter response is used to compute a 2D gradient magnitude image in order to refine the vessel's boundaries. Using an active contour technique the vessel's border is determined automatically. The near wall media-adventitia (NWMA), far wall media-adventitia (FWMA) and far wall lumen-intima (FWLI) borders are obtained by a least-square fitting of the active contours result. The distance between NWMA and FWLI (vessel diameter) and between FWLI and FWMA (far wall intimamedia thickness) are obtained for all images and the mean value is computed during systole and diastole. The proposed method is a reliable and reproducible way of assessing the vessel diameter and far wall intima-media thickness of the carotid artery
Resumo Imagens de gráfico de velocidade sanguínea adquiridas pela ultrassonografia Doppler podem ser utilizadas para investigar possíveis relações entre as informações presentes nas mesmas e a ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares, entre outras aplicações. Com o objetivo de facilitar este tipo de estudo em protocolos clínicos envolvendo centenas de pacientes, um aplicativo computacional foi desenvolvido para extrair dados quantitativos daqueles gráficos. Após uma etapa de calibração e seleção da região de interesse definida pelo usuário, o algoritmo automaticamente detecta o eixo de referência e a envoltória da curva, viabilizando o cálculo dos picos de velocidade e a integral de velocidade e tempo (VTI). Técnicas de processamento de imagem, tais como Componentes Conexos e filtros Gaussiano e Mediano, foram aplicadas para melhorar a robustez da detecção da envoltória. Uma análise comparativa entre as medições obtidas pelos sistemas de ultrassonografia comerciais operados por especialistas (denominadas como "A") e pela presente metodologia (denominadas como "B") incluiu velocidades de pico sistólico e VTIs das artérias carótida comum e braquial na condição basal, da braquial durante a resposta de hiperemia reativa e de exames ecocardiográficos. Os resultados apresentaram uma pequena diferença média, calculada como d = A -B, pela análise de Bland-Altman e uma alta correlação tanto para as velocidades de pico (d = 0,02 m/s; r > 0,99; p < 0,01; 102 amostras) quanto para as VTIs (d = 1,25 cm; r > 0,99; p < 0,01; 75 amostras). Estes resultados indicam a confiabilidade desta metodologia que, complementada pela interface gráfica amigável do aplicativo desenvolvido, pode ser facilmente utilizada pelos clínicos para seus estudos em larga escala baseados nas imagens Doppler ultrassonográficas.Palavras-chave Ultrassonografia Doppler, Gráfico de velocidade do sangue, Fluxo de sangue, Integral de velocidade e tempo, Detecção da envoltória. Semi-automatic quantification of blood velocity in Doppler ultrasound imagesAbstract Blood velocity vs. time graphic images acquired by ultrasound Doppler technique can be used to reveal relationships between data within those graphics and the presence of cardiovascular diseases, among other applications. To facilitate this kind of study in clinical protocols involving hundreds of patients, a computational tool was developed to extract quantitative data from the graphics. After calibration and selection of the region of interest defined by the user, the algorithm automatically detects the baseline and the curve envelope to calculate the peak velocities and the velocity-time integral (VTI). Image processing techniques, such as Connected Components, Gaussian and Median filters were applied to improve the robustness of the envelope detection. A comparative analysis between measurements obtained with commercial ultrasound systems operated by specialists (named as 'A') and by the present methodology (named as 'B') included systolic peak velocities and VTIs of common carotid and brachial arteries...
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