The effect of UV radiation on habitat use of two species of intertidal fishes that inhabit the same pools but exhibit different activity levels and diets was measured: the highly active omnivorous Girella laevifrons and the cryptic carnivorous Graus nigra. Individuals of each species were acclimated to a tank divided in three sections with different illumination; no light (NL), ultraviolet light (UV) and white light (WL), and the time spent and number of visits to each section were recorded. Although both species preferred the NL section, G. laevifrons spent more time in UV and less time in WL compared with G. nigra; G. laevifrons also displayed higher number of visits to UV, suggesting a different tendency in space use in response to UV exposure in intertidal fishes.
A Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model is applied to predict rapid metabolic shifts in an ecologically important krill, Nyctiphanes australis, in response to temperature and ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Specifically, we predict changes in fatty acids, amino acids and respiration rate in response to several light and temperature treatments. Environmental variability can alter the metabolic equilibrium and the mechanisms marine ectotherms used to obtain energy, which is a topical point given the current level of environmental change. Environmental variability also includes multiple stressors, which can have additive, antagonistic or synergistic effects on metabolism. In consequence, disentangling and quantifying the effects of multiple stressors on metabolism and the energy balance of ecthothermal species, such as krill, can be challenging. Here we apply a DEB model to direct measurements of fatty acids, amino acids and respiration rate of krill experimentally exposed simultaneously to several doses of UVR and temperatures. We found that on average light escalates metabolic rates by a factor of two, and temperature has an effect 1.35 times greater than the effect of light over respiration rates at temperatures from 9 to 19°C. The DEB model predicted shifts in metabolic function and indicated that the combined effect of light and elevated temperatures decrease the total of fatty acid concentrations at a higher rate than amino acids when krill are exposed to environmentally relevant temperatures and light treatments. Our results demonstrate that, when krill experience warmer conditions and higher levels of solar radiation, the mobilization of energy-relevant metabolites from the reserves increases by up to 36% and increase the total energetic cost by up to 45%. These findings suggest that ectothermal species with a fast metabolism, such as krill, quickly deplete energy reserves to compensate for changes in the environment. This renders krill susceptible to the effects of climate variability if the current climatic trend for the region continues to show temperature increases, even if solar radiation levels remain unchanged.
Resumen.-La Península Antártica Chilena, se caracteriza por ser estable en su condición oceanográfica, sin embargo sus zonas costeras como bahías pueden presentar condiciones físicas variables tanto espacial como temporalmente. Se ha señalado que existe una importante interacción entre las condiciones oceanográficas y patrones de distribución espacial del zooplancton, sin embargo, no existe mayor evidencia acerca de cómo esta interacción afecta la distribución horizontal y vertical del zooplancton que habita estas zonas. El presente estudio muestra evidencias de los cambios que ocurren a nivel de estructura comunitaria del zooplancton, específicamente en el ensamble de copépodos al inte rior de Bahía Fíldes. Los resultados muestran que copépodos de la familia Oithonidae son abundantes en zonas costeras de la bahía mientras que copépodos de la familia Calanidae son abundantes en zonas contiguas al Estrecho Bransfield encontrándose en escasa abundancia al interior de la bahía. Estos hallazgos indican que existen diferencias en el ensamble de copépodos a lo largo de la bahí a con cambios en términos de abundancia y distribución de grupos dominantes enc ontrados comúnmente en la Península Antártica y aguas cercanas al paso Drake. Palabras clave: Península Antártica, Bahía Fíldes, copépodos, distribuciónAbstract.-The Antarctic Chilean peninsula, is characterized for being stable in its oceanographic conditions. Nevertheless, its coastal zones, such as bays, may have more variable physical conditions, both spatially and temporally. It has been observed that a remarkable interaction between the oceanographic conditions and spatial distribution patterns of zooplankton occurs. However, there is no good understanding of how these interactions affect the horizontal and vertical distribution of zooplankton living in these areas. The present study shows the changes that occur at the level of the zooplankton community structure, specifically in the copepods assembly of Fíldes Bay. The results show that copepods of the Oithonidae family are abundant in coastal areas of the bay meanwhile Calanidae copepods are abundant in zones adjacent to Bransfield Strait and found only in low abundance at the interior of the bay. These findings indicate differences in the ensemble of copepods along the bay with changes in the abundance and distribution of dominant groups of copepods commonly found in the Antarctic Peninsula and Drake Passage waters.
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