The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of organomineral and mineral fertilizers, in their solid and fluid forms, on soils with variable charges with high fertility built up from nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in the soil and plant, as well as on corn (Zea mays) and black oat (Avena strigosa) yield. The treatments consisted of one control and four fertilizers - two organomineral and two mineral - in solid (SO, solid organomineral; and SM, solid mineral) and fluid (FO, fluid organomineral; and FM, fluid mineral) forms applied in Rhodic Kandiudox and Distrochrept soils with no-tillage. The use of organomineral or mineral fertilizers in fluid and solid forms increases total N content in the soil, maintains exchangeable K content in both soils, and may enhance available P content to the depth of 0.6 m in Distrochrept. These factors allowed significantly increasing corn yield, regardless of the fertilizer, and establishing greater residual effect for fluid organomineral fertilizer in the winter black oat yield, even in soils with high fertility.
Resumo Entende-se a ciclagem como o movimento dos nutrientes entre os diversos compartimentos (atmosfera-plantaanimal-solo) do sistema de produção agropecuária. A associação do sistema integração lavoura-pecuária com plantio direto possibilita alta entrada de resíduo vegetal pelo uso de culturas e pastagens tanto gramíneas como leguminosas as quais permitem a disponibilização mais rápida e intensa ou lenta e gradual de nutrientes ao sistema, principalmente na camada superficial. Estudos mostram que 60% a 70% do nitrogênio encontrado na biomassa vegetal é reciclado e novamente absorvido pelas plantas no cultivo. A quantidade de ciclagem de nutrientes pelo animal é definida pela intensidade de pastejo. Em geral, quanto mais animais por unidade de área maior será a ciclagem de nutrientes, porém haverá menor fixação de nutrientes em produto de orígem animal por unidade de forragem ingerida, e ambas as situações são afetadas pela intensidade de pastejo que pode contribuir com o retorno de nutrientes pelas fezes por bovino de 500kg de peso vivo ao sistema, com valores estimados de 22
Organic fertilizers derived from poultry litter and pig slurry are alternatives to mineral fertilizers in increasing soil nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil response, through characterization of organic C and available N, P, and K contents, and corn yield response to increasing amounts of poultry litter, pig slurry, and mineral fertilizers in an integrated crop-livestock production system (ICL) from 2011 to 2013. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a 4 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four types of fertilizer, two organic (poultry litter and pig slurry) and two mineral, balanced with the same amounts of N, P and K as the organic fertilizers, one of which corresponded to the levels in the pig slurry (M1) and the other to the levels in the poultry litter (M2) in combination with three .increasing application rates of N (100, 200, and 300 kg ha -1 N) and control without fertilizer. For two years after implementing the ICL system, the application of the different rates of N using organic (pig slurry and poultry litter) or mineral (M1 and M2) fertilizers increased corn yields and K and P availability in the soil; these results were accompanied by small changes in organic C and total N content. There are similar efficiencies between the treatments pairs (pig slurry/M1 and poultry litter/M2).
Use of organic fertilizers in integrated crop-livestock (iCL) systems may affect soil phosphorus fractions. This study aimed to determine phosphorus fractions in the soil under the iCL system after six years of application of organic or mineral fertilizers. The experiment was conducted on a Rhodic Kandiudox (Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico) in a randomized block design, using a 5 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of three organic fertilizers (poultry litter, pig slurry, and compost) and two mineral fertilizers (M1, equivalent to pig slurry; and M2, equivalent to poultry litter) in interaction with three application rates, corresponding to 75, 100, and 150 % of the fertilizer recommendation for the crop of interest and a control (with no fertilizer). Soil sampling was performed in the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m layers for determination of the phosphorus fractions. Successive use of organic or mineral fertilizers for six years in the iCL system considerably raises the labile and moderately labile P fractions up to the 0.20 m depth and, with less intensity, raises the non-labile fractions up to the 0.10 m depth. The soil P increase associated with fertilizer input raises soybean and corn yields, and it does not exceed the critical P limit according to local environmental legislation.
Tendo em vista que a água é um recurso natural limitado e imprescindível à vida, questões sobre a conservação e preservação dos recursos hídricos tem sido o foco de estudos, por órgãos conservacionistas que buscam alternativas para uma melhor utilização dos recursos naturais. As tecnologias de aproveitamento de água são soluções sustentáveis e contribuem para uso racional da água, proporcionando a conservação dos recursos hídricos para as futuras gerações. O aumento contínuo da população mundial é responsável pela crescente escassez de água natural, bem como a disposição inadequada de efluentes líquidos, a heterogeneidade na distribuição de água e falta de cuidado na sua utilização. Portanto, é urgente implementar o uso racional da água e a preservação das fontes de água, abrangendo os mecanismos, tais como políticas efetivas para os recursos hídricos e seu uso adequado adoção obrigatória do uso da água adequada, tratamento de esgoto doméstico e industrial, e práticas de reutilização. O estudo apresenta um levantamento sobre a conceituação de “reuso de água”, faz uma análise desta prática, e descreve algumas tecnologias de sistemas de tratamento que propiciam a recirculação do efluente, citando suas etapas, processos utilizados, vantagens e desvantagens.
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