Objective: to decribe the influence of smoking on different phases of the reproductive process, fecundation, pregnancy and lactation, drawing special attention to the mechanisms of action of the main toxic components found in cigarettes. To suggest prophylactic measures for environmental control and how to reduce children's exposure to tobacco smoke.Methods: nonsystematic literature review using MEDLINE database.Results: smoking has a negative effect on different phases of the reproduction process, by direct action of main toxic components, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Smoking reduces fertility, compromises the length of gestation and infant birthweight. Smoking mothers also have reduced breast milk production and shorter lactation, which affects infant weight gain through unclear mechanisms in which prolactin may probably be involved.Conclusions: smoking compromises reproductive function quality in different phases, acting mainly on intrauterine and extrauterine development of infants. Since during pregnancy and lactation women are in closer contact with health professionals, antismoking campaigns should be especially addressed to this period.J Pediatr (Rio J) 2001; 77 (4): 257-64: smoking, fertility, pregnancy, lactation, breast feeding. ResumoObjetivo: descrever a influência do tabagismo nas diferentes fases do processo reprodutivo, fecundação, gestação e lactação, destacando os mecanismos de ação dos principais componentes tóxicos do cigarro nestas fases. Sugerir medidas profiláticas de controle ambiental e de como reduzir a exposição da criança à fumaça do tabaco.Métodos: revisão bibliográfica não sistemática sobre os temas abordados, utilizando-se da base de dados do MEDLINE.Resultados: o tabagismo atua negativamente nas diferentes fases da reprodução, por ação direta de seus principais componentes tóxicos, a nicotina e o monóxido de carbono. Reduz a taxa de fertilidade, compromete a duração da gestação e o peso do concepto. Também diminui a produção de leite da nutriz fumante e o tempo de lactação, comprometendo o ganho de peso da prole, por mecanismos ainda não bem compreendidos, nos quais a prolactina pode estar envolvida.Conclusões: os efeitos do tabagismo comprometem a qualidade da função reprodutiva em diferentes fases, por atuar principalmente sobre o desenvolvimento do concepto, tanto na fase intra quanto na fase extra-uterino. Por ser um período de contato mais freqüente da mulher fumante com o profissional de saúde, a gestação e a lactação deveriam ser alvo especial de campanhas antitabágicas.J Pediatr (Rio J) 2001; 77 (4): 257-64: tabagismo, fertilidade, gestação, lactação, aleitamento materno. Influência do tabagismo na fertilidade, gestação e lactaçãoThe influence of smoking on fertility, pregnancy and lactation Paulo Roberto Bezerra de Mello 1 , Gilberto Rodrigues Pinto 2 , Clovis Botelho 3A fumaça do cigarro no ambiente é derivada de duas origens: fumaça central (FC) e fumaça periférica (FP). A fumaça central é formada quando o fumante traga o cigarro, é produzida com altas temperat...
Purpose: To examine the language development at chronological age 2 to 3 years of children born preterm with low birth weight and its associated risk factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, children were assessed using the Denver Developmental Screening Test (Denver II test) and Early Language Milestone Scale (ELM scale). The chi-square test was used and all variables with p<0.20 were entered in a binary logistic regression model; statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results:Among the 77 children studied, 36.4% had abnormal Denver II test performance in its four sectors and 37.6% had cautions and delays in the area of language specifically. On assessment of language ability by the ELM scale, 32.5% of the children showed altered responses. The abnormal performance of the four sectors of the Denver II and language in the ELM scale, after logistic regression, remained associated with suspected developmental abnormalities by parents (Denver II and ELM), weight less than 1500 g and caesarean section (Denver II only), and intracranial hemorrhage and family per capita income less than half the minimum wage (ELM only). Conclusion: Children born preterm with low birth weight showed delayed language development, with greater impairment in the expressive auditory function associated with socioeconomic risk factors and child's history. apresentaram cautelas e atrasos no setor da linguagem, especificamente na avaliação da habilidade de linguagem pela escala ELM, 32,5% das crianças apresentaram alterações. O desempenho alterado, considerando os quatro setores do teste de Denver II e da linguagem na escala ELM, após regressão logística, permaneceu associado com: suspeita dos pais de alterações no desenvolvimento (Denver II e ELM); peso <1500 g e cesariana (Denver II somente); hemorragia intracraniana e renda familiar mensal per capita ≤1/2 salário mínimo (ELM somente). Conclusão: KeywordsCrianças nascidas prematuras e com baixo peso apresentaram atraso na aquisição de habilidades no desenvolvimento da linguagem, com maior comprometimento da função auditiva expressiva, associado a fatores de risco socioeconômicos e de histórico.Descritores: Prematuro; Recém-nascido; Fatores de risco; Desenvolvimento da linguagem; Triagem
OBJECTIVES:To analyze the motor development of late preterm newborn infants (LPI) from birth to term-corrected age using the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) and to compare the obtained results with those of term infants at birth.METHODS:Prospective cohort study, 29 late preterm newborn infants were evaluated by the TIMP at birth and every two weeks until term-corrected age. The TIMP was administered to 88 term infants at birth.RESULTS:The mean TIMP score of late preterm newborn infants was 51.9±5.8 at 34–35 weeks and 62.6±5.2 at 40 weeks. There was a significant increase at 38–39 weeks in the LPI group (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the motor evaluations between term infants at birth and LPI at the equivalent age.CONCLUSION:The LPI presented a gradual progression of motor development until the term-corrected age, but differences with term infants at birth were not detected.
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