Using degenerate-primers PCR we isolated and sequenced fragments from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis homologous to two behavioural genes in Drosophila, cacophony and period. In addition we identified a number of other gene fragments that show homology to genes previously cloned in Drosophila. A codon usage table for L. longipalpis based on these and other genes was calculated. These new molecular markers will be useful in population genetics and evolutionary studies in phlebotomine sand flies and in establishing a preliminary genetic map in these important leishmaniasis vectors.
Background: A large number of organisms have internal circadian clocks that enable them to adapt to the cyclic changes of the external environment. In the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, feedback loops of transcription and translation are believed to be crucial for the maintenance of the central pacemaker. In this mechanism the cycle (or bmal1) gene, which is constitutively expressed, plays a critical role activating the expression of genes that will later inhibit their own activity, thereby closing the loop. Unlike Drosophila, the molecular clock of insect vectors is poorly understood, despite the importance of circadian behavior in the dynamic of disease transmission.
BackgroundBehavior rhythms of insect vectors directly interfere with the dynamics of pathogen transmission to humans. The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in America and concentrates its activity around dusk. Despite the accumulation of behavioral data, very little is known about the molecular bases of the clock mechanism in this species. This study aims to characterize, within an evolutionary perspective, two important circadian clock genes, Clock and vrille.FindingsWe have cloned and isolated the coding sequence of L. longipalpis’ genes Clock and vrille. The former is structured in eight exons and encodes a protein of 696 amino acids, and the latter comprises three exons and translates to a protein of 469 amino acids. When compared to other insects’ orthologues, L. longipalpis CLOCK shows a high degree of conservation in the functional domains bHLH and PAS, but a much shorter glutamine-rich (poly-Q) C-terminal region. As for L. longipalpis VRILLE, a high degree of conservation was found in the bZIP domain. To support these observations and provide an elegant view of the evolution of both genes in insects, phylogenetic analyses based on maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inferences were performed, corroborating the previously known insect systematics.ConclusionsThe isolation and phylogenetic analyses of Clock and vrille orthologues in L. longipalpis bring novel and important data to characterize this species’ circadian clock. Interestingly, the poly-Q shortening observed in CLOCK suggests that its transcription activity might be impaired and we speculate if this effect could be compensated by other clock factors such as CYCLE.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1117-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Diante de tudo que conseguimos compreender da importância das diversas formas de se trabalhar os conteúdos no ensino de ciências e biologia, foi pensada em uma maneira de estudarmos nas aulas de biologia o conteúdo de Ecologia em especial a conservação de recursos hídricos, de forma mais lúdica. Portanto, esse trabalho tem como objetivo a elaboração de um jogo didático sobre o uso da água como recurso, por meio da criação da consciência ecológica e do consumo inteligente para a conservação dos recursos hídricos. Para a realização da construção do jogo didático foi realizada uma coleta de dados sobre a revisão bibliográfica acerca do tema e sobre a criação de jogos didáticos. Neste trabalho o jogo didático desenvolvido foi feito através do conteúdo água, é um jogo de tabuleiro em que os jogadores irão caminhar da saída até a chegada, onde serão utilizados pinos, dados e cartas, no qual o jogador terá perguntas ou então algumas armadilhas, avance casas, volte casas, fique sem jogar uma rodada, entre outros. A perspectiva na utilização desse jogo é ser mais uma forma de aprendizagem sobre o conteúdo água, principalmente em termos de conservação de recursos hídricos onde estaria ajudando ao aluno a criação de uma consciência ecológica e sustentabilidade e fazendo com que se entenda a importância do uso do recurso água. A aplicabilidade do jogo deve ser feita antes ou após a explicação do conteúdo, para alunos do Ensino médio. Desta forma o aluno poderá ter uma memorização melhor do assunto e ter uma mudança de hábitos e pensamentos.
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