A comprehensive analysis of climate data (1958-2018) is carried out at the national scale in India to assess spatiotemporal variation in aridity. The aridity is analyzed using UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) Aridity Index (AI), which is the ratio between Precipitation (P) and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET). Freely available Terra-Climate database, P and PET variables, offered an unprecedented opportunity for monitoring variations in AI and aridity index anomalies (AIA) at interseasonal and inter-decadal basis. The study also assesses longer term patterns of P and AI anomalies with vegetation anomalies. The results indicate that significant clustered areas with maximum dryness are located at west-central part of India, the state of Maharashtra. Overall, there is a gradual increase in the extent of arid zone during 60-year period and spatially maximum extent of percentage change in aridity area is observed. The change patterns of AI in India are largely driven by the changing patterns of precipitation. The maximum impact of decline in precipitation on AIA was observed during Kharif season frequently, for every 4-5 years during 1972-1992. The pattern repeated in the last few recent years (2013- 2018), the decline in precipitation resulted increased aridity. The study also reveals that the availability and usage of irrigation sources have increased from 2014 to 2018. Thus, despite of less precipitation positive vegetation has been resulted in this period. The findings are important to understand the impacts of climate change on land use pattern, and land and water resource management.

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Introduction: Impacted third molars are the most frequently impacted teeth in humans and can predispose the adjacent second molar to an array of detrimental effects such as caries. Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of impacted mandibular third molars and to evaluate the decay on the second molar as an effect of an impacted third molar in three different age groups. Objectives: The present study evaluates (1) prevalence and determines the decay on the second molar as an effect of impacted mandibular third molars in three different age groups and (2) awareness among the patients about mandibular third molar impaction and its treatment. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Sreepuram, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana. A total of 150 radiographs records have been assessed. Based on the age groups, 150 radiographs have been divided into three groups, namely, Group A: Age: 21-25 years (50 radiographs); Group B: Age: 26-30 years (50 radiographs); and Group C: Age: 31-35 years (50 radiographs). Results: The present study reveals that mesioangular impactions were the most prevalent type of impaction, followed by horizontal, vertical, and distoangular impactions. In age groups 21-25 years and 31-35 years, horizontal third molar impaction shows the highest effect on adjacent second molar. Of 150 patients, 87 (58%) show grossly decayed second molar because of the effect of impacted mandibular third molars and 58 (39%) patients were asymptomatic and unaware of existing condition and pathology of an adjacent second molar. Conclusion: Impacted mandibular third molars are associated with complications that are manifested on the adjacent second molars. In this present study, about 58% show decay on the second molar as an effect of an impacted mandibular third molars and 39% were unaware of the existing condition of second molars, and if untreated, it may lead to the severe destruction of the tooth.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nasal spray midazolam by comparing it with conventional intravenous midazolam conscious sedation in minor oral surgical procedures.Objective: To assess the safety and effectiveness of the midazolam nasal spray in comparison to its IV midazolam. Patients and methods:Total forty number of patients were selected, and they were divided in to two groups. Group A for intra nasal midazolam atomized spray (n=20) and Group B for intravenous midazolam (n=20). Physiological parameters, anxiety score, sedation rating, patient's cooperation score, retrograde and anterograde amnesia were recorded for each patient during preoperative, intra operative and postoperative period. Final evaluation of safety and efficacy in the nasal and intravenous routes of midazolam drug during minor oral surgery were compared.Results: In the present study both intranasal and intravenous groups showed decrease in SBP and DBP intra operatively but in physiological limits and increase in the average pulse rates in the both groups. The average oxygen saturation levels were maintained to normal range in both the groups. The average respiratory rate decreased in the both intranasal and intravenous groups during surgical procedure. The preoperative to postoperative anxiety scores were decreased significantly in the both groups and there was no significant difference in pre to postoperative anxiety scores in between the groups. Conclusion:Both intravenous and intranasal routes of administration of midazolam showed patient cooperation, satisfaction and clinical effectiveness. Intranasal route of midazolam spray is effective in reduction of subjective stress feelings, reliable anxiolysis while preserving protective reflexes.