The exponentially modified Gaussian (EMG) peak shape is widely used for peak approximation in chromatography. We constructed the EMG peak deconvolution routine for chromatography using a combination of two EMG formulas and linear optimization methods. A convenient way to determine the position of the EMG peak top was found. The routine accounts for the maximum linear range of the detector and can work with out-of-range peaks, where the detector saturation cuts off the top of the peak.The optimization routine is applied to the reconstruction of out-of-range peaks using correctly measured points, so that an analyst can get an idea of the height, area and concentration of such peaks as well as the prediction error in similar cases. Peak reconstruction helps in reducing the number of chromatographic runs during method development and routine work. The possibility of reconstructing out-of-range peaks using the pre-defined peak shape obtained while calibrating is also discussed.

Solar energy is used for electricity production by means of photovoltaic modules and for heat supply by means of solar water-heating collectors. In recent years, combined cogeneration photovoltaic thermal modules which work out at the same time both electricity and thermal energy began to be applied actively. The chapter includes consideration of the main types of cogenerative photovoltaic thermal modules of different design such as planar liquid devices as well as devices with concentrator of solar radiation. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are presented. Main directions for improving the efficiency of converting solar energy into thermal and electricity are offered. The description of the offered construction of the module, and also results of theoretical and pilot studies of the module is provided in full-scale conditions. Installation for such tests is described as well. Testing photovoltaic thermal modules with planar and concentrator design are presented in the chapter.

The current state of LED lighting systems with parallel power supply by photovoltaic modules and central power supply network is analysed. The approach to implementation of parallel operation of LED luminaire powered by two sources of power is presented. It is simple, cheap and highly reliable as compared to the existing solutions. Based on this approach, four diagrams are developed which are applicable correspondingly to lighting applications and characteristics of photovoltaic modules and power consumers. The first and the second diagrams contain minimal quantity of transformers, but a number of operational constraints shall be taken into account when using them. The third diagram contains standard transformers and implies minimal number of various constraints, which makes it an optimal solution for the low-power lighting system being designed. The fourth diagram is expensive due to utilisation of equipment with automatic maximum power point tracking (the MPPT technology); it provides maximum possible energy efficiency of the lighting systems but the advantages of the MPPT technology apply only to high-power systems. It is preferable to use such objects where lighting is mostly required during daytime as consumers of such systems (shopping malls, underground passages, storage facilities, poultry farms, etc.). A positive aspect is increase in reliability of consumer power supply since power supply of LED luminaires will be also provided by an additional source. The proposed approach leads to reduction of power consumption for LED lighting, saving of fossil energy sources and therefore to ecologisation of the environment.

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The chapter presents the results of the development of two systems. The first is a photovoltaic system parallel to the power supply network of LED lamps. The algorithms of the system operation for both working and emergency lighting are shown. The basic operating modes of the system are considered taking into account the criterion of the minimum cost of electricity generated. These modes provide the most complete use of solar energy in the working day with minimal additional costs, allowing the consumer to save on electricity and increase the reliability of the emergency lighting system. The second system is a solar photovoltaic module built into a standard double-glazed window sash size 730x700 (mm), which is designed to charge a block of lithium-ion batteries with a capacity of 6.8 Ah with an output voltage of 5.25 V, the energy of which can be used to power any device having a USB 2.0 connector. The results of calculation of the required peak photovoltaic power of the module are presented; the technology of its sealing is described.