The issue of small coronary artery atherosclerosis represents an intriguing aspect of coronary artery disease, which is related with higher rates of peri-and post-procedural complications and impaired long-term outcome. This problem is further complicated by the unclear definition of small coronary vessel. Recent randomized controlled trials have provided new data on possible novel interventional treatment of small coronary vessels with drug-coated balloons instead of traditional new-generation drug-eluting stent implantation. Also, the conservative management represents a therapeutic option in light of the results of the recent ISCHEMIA trial. The current article provides an overview of the most appropriate definition, interventional management, and prognosis of small coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Background and Objectives: Regardless of the improvement in key recommendations in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), the prevalence of total occlusion (TO) of infarct-related artery (IRA), and the impact of TO of IRA on outcomes in patients with NSTEMI, remain unclear. Aim: The study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of TO of IRA in patients with NSTEMI, and its clinical significance. Material and Methods: The study was a single-center retrospective cohort analysis of 399 consecutive patients with NSTEMI (293 male, mean age: 71 ± 10.1 years) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The study population was categorized into patients with TO and non-TO of IRA on coronary angiography. In-hospital and one-year mortality were analyzed. Results: TO of IRA in the NSTEMI population occurred in 138 (34.6%) patients. Multivariate analysis identified the following independent predictors of TO of IRA: left ventricular ejection fraction (odds ratio (OR) 0.949, p < 0.001); family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) (OR 2.652, p < 0.001); and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (OR 0.972, p = 0.002). In-hospital and one-year mortality were significantly higher in the TO group than the non-TO group (2.8% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.007 and 18.1% vs. 6.5%, p < 0.001, respectively). The independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at admission (OR 0.768, p = 0.004); and TO of IRA (OR 1.863, p = 0.005). Conclusions: In the population of patients with NSTEMI, TO of IRA represents a considerably frequent phenomenon, and corresponds with impaired outcomes. Therefore, the utmost caution should be paid to prevent delay of coronary angiography in NSTEMI patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function, metabolic disturbances, and a family history of CAD, who are at increased risk of TO of IRA.

CLINICAL IMAGE A large amount of pericardial fluid in pulmonary arterial hypertension 539 (mean pulmonary artery pressure, 56 mm Hg; reference range, 10-20 mm Hg; pulmonary vascular resistance, 9.64 Wood units [mm Hg/l min -1 ]; reference range, 0.25-2.5 Wood units; negative vasoreactivity test with iloprost) (FIGurE 1C). The patient received specific medical therapy including sildenafil, bosentan, and treprostinil. As a result, patient's symptoms reduced to class II according to the World Health Organization Pulmonary Hypertension Functional Classification which was confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography at 1-month follow-up. (FIGurE 1D and 1E).Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a multicausal disease related to increased mortality. The prevalence of pericardial effusion among patients with PAH was estimated at 26%. 3 A greater amount of fluid may occur in patients with connective tissue disease. However, this rarely exceeds 10 to 20 mm. 4 The presence of pericardial effusion has been identified as a risk factor for cardiac death. 5 Patients with a small pericardial effusion had similar survival to those without effusion, but patients with PAH who had a moderate to large pericardial effusion had significantly decreased survival. 5 In our patient, we observed a large pericardial effusion with the characteristics of a transudative effusion. The etiology of effusion was complex and superposed on PAH with systemic scleroderma. We were aware that medical therapy, including endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and prostacyclin derivatives, might have improved the prognosis of the patient. However, crucial decisions were made to ensure safety and effectiveness, and were related to an appropriate order of the diagnostic workup and treatment. First, cardiosurgical intervention along with a life -saving PAH treatment and then right heart catheterization and PAH -specific A 41 -year -old woman with systemic scleroderma was admitted to a reference pulmonary hypertension center 1 due to severe fatigue and dyspnea, the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV, that started about 6 months before admission. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a significant amount of fluid (30 mm) around the right atrium and ventricle. Additionally, dilatation of the pulmonary artery, the right atrium (area 25 cm 2 ), and the right ventricle (52 mm) with extremely high estimated right ventricle systolic pressure (103 mm Hg) were revealed (FIGurE 1A and 1B). Laboratory tests identified an elevated N -terminal pro -B-type natriuretic peptide level (4579 pg/ml). Based on these data, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the course of connective tissue disease was hypothesized. We assumed that the pericardial fluid did not result in tamponade because of elevated right heart pressures. However, this seemed as a contraindication to PAH -specific treatment due to high risk of tamponade after a sudden pressure reduction. 2 Percutaneous pericardiocentesis was unavailable due to extreme obesity (body mass ...