Short-duration extreme rainfall and flash floods are the major natural hazards in small Carpathian catchments. Quantifying forcing rainfall, hydrological responses and geomorphological impacts is the key to mitigating the negative impacts of flash floods. This article focuses on the hydrometeorological aspects of a flood event, the geomorphological changes of hillslopes and the river valley, in the Kasiniczanka catchment-48 km 2 (Outer Carpathians, Poland). Results revealed that the flood in 2014 was generated by 6-h rainstorm with a total of 95.2 mm, and the mean intensity ranging from 7.1 to 31.3 mm h -1 . The flood peak ranged from 60 to 171 m 3 s -1 , and it was approximately two times higher than an 0.1% flood. The unit peak flow ranged between 3.6 and 4.6 m 3 s -1 km -2 , and the K index (which is non-dimensional measure and allows the comparison of flood magnitudes in catchments of differing size), ranged from 3.9 to 4.1. These two measures revealed that this flood was among the worst, recorded in catchments ranging from 13 to 48 km 2 in the Carpathians as a whole. The most significant geomorphological changes were observed in unmanaged channel reaches (the upper and middle parts of the catchment), contrary to lower part, where the river channel was protected by a hydrotechnical infrastructure. Flood analysis enabled the evaluation of the flood risk management process, related to flash floods in small catchments. In this context, some proposals to reduce flood risk level are presented and discussed.

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This article recreates the spatial distribution of German field fortifications in the mountains of Central Europe. The fortifications in question were located in the southern part of the Polish Carpathians. This particular section is a fragment of the Oberkommando des Heeres Stellung b1 (OKH Stellung b1), built in 1944, and running from north to south through all of German‐occupied Poland. Determining the course of the studied fortifications is based on the use of two remote sensing materials for data acquisition: archival military aerial photographs taken in 1944 and high‐resolution terrain derivative models based on data from airborne laser scanning (ALS). Some sections were additionally checked during the field study. Creating a reconstruction is impossible without the use of both remote sensing data sources. Only 24% of the studied fortifications are visible in both the aerial photographs and the ALS model. Aerial photographs are better suited to the photointerpretation of trenches in arable land and near buildings. Objects in these places may have been buried or otherwise ceased to be visible as relief microforms. The ALS model is especially useful in wooded areas. Laser scanning with a large number of measurements enabled the implementation of a detailed model which also included the course of trenches under the tree canopy. Combining both source materials gave a spatial image of approximately a 30 km section of the fortified line. The total length of the fortifications was 85.412 km. The reconstructed line consists of two parallel trench lines with excavations for machine gun nests and shelters, as well as isolated points of defence located in the mountains near the current border.

Zarys treści: Artykuł prezentuje możliwość wykorzystania modeli terenu pochodzących z danych LiDAR do odtworzenia elementów historycznych fortyfikacji polowych. Podczas badań odtworzono przebieg linii okopów pochodzących z II wojny światowej na obszarze Pasma Jałowieckiego i Grupy Mędralowej. W celu weryfikacji dokładności danych pozyskanych z LiDAR i identyfikacji form punktowych oprócz interpretacji modelu przeprowadzono kartowanie terenowe z użyciem GPS. Zaprezentowana w artykule metoda badań pozwala na zidentyfikowanie linii okopów rozmieszczonych na rozległym, czę-sto trudno dostępnym obszarze, przez co wskazana jest do stosowania podczas prowadzonych badań na obszarze Karpat.