<p>Abstrakt: W artykule przeanalizowano proces tworzenia miejskich ruchów społecznych w Polsce. W pierwszej części autor przedstawił krótki historyczny rys kształtowania się europejskich miejskich ruchów społecznych oraz zmiany strukturalne, jakim są one obecnie poddawane. Drugą część poświęcono specyfice miejskiego aktywizmu w Polsce. Autor przeanalizował procesy, w których ramach rozproszony miejski aktywizm skutkiem wewnętrznej integracji ewaluował w kierunku miejskiego ruchu społecznego, reprezentowanego między innymi przez takie organizacje, jak Kongres Ruchów Miejskich czy koalicja wyborcza Porozumienie Ruchów Miejskich.</p>
The article addresses the issue of the so-called refugee crisis in Europe from the perspective of ignorance studies and seeks to establish the mechanisms whereby ignorance is created through categorizations. We depart from the proposal of Proctor and view ignorance as either “native state,” “lost realm,” or “strategic ploy.” In all three, ignorance is an unalienable part of social action. The case of Polish academic research on refugees before and after 2015 is explored in order to establish who ignores what, when, and why, when categorizing, and to analyze the relationship between ignorance and social action. In the Polish refugee field, the crisis of 2015 was the moment when the refugee issue stepped out of the shadows and attracted the attention of the public and policymakers. The analysis of the category “refugee” in Polish scholarship before 2015 demonstrates that the category was based on culturalization and idealization; thus, the socio-political and pragmatic aspects of the group’s characteristics and actions were systematically ignored, and the ignorance worked as a “lost realm.” After 2015, a new body of scholarship emerges in which the category “refugee” acquires negative connotations with security threat or fakeness. In the new scholarship, ignorance is a strategic framing that sets the category of “refugee” outside the humanitarian issues. We claim that the new categorizations follow the logic of culturalization and moralization typical of the previous period. Strategic ignorance inherent in the categorizations that dichotomize “good” and “bad” refugees, or “refugees” and “migrants,” unlocks the potential for political action.
Autor przedstawia trzy sytuacje pokazujące uczestnictwo osób z niepełnosprawnościami, opiekunów takich osób i stowarzyszeń działających na ich rzecz w kreowaniu i monitorowaniu polityki publicznej wobec niepełnosprawności w Polsce. Pierwsza z nich dotyczy działania polegającego na wspieraniu edukacji włączającej, druga – prób zmiany systemu wsparcia opiekunów osób z niepełnosprawnościami, natomiast ostatnia odnosi się do procesu tworzenia przez organizacje pozarządowe alternatywnego raportu poświęconego wdrażaniu przez Polskę konwencji ONZ o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych. W każdym z powyższych przypadków autor omawia przyczyny stojące za decyzją o zaangażowaniu się, przebieg procesu oraz efekty zaangażowania. Wnioski wskazują na to, że choć środowiska osób z niepełnosprawnościami mają możliwość wzięcia udziału w dyskusjina temat polityki wobec niepełnosprawności, to ich wpływ jest raczej niewielki i dotyczy sytuacji wyjątkowych.
The article outlines the causes, course and consequences of the protests of people with disabilities and their carers that took place in Poland in 2014 and 2018 respectively. Said protests took a form of occupation of the Polish parliament building. This was intended to draw attention to the considerable difficulties people with disabilities face, as well as to advocate for raising social benefits. We also describe the process of people with disabilities gaining subjectivity and the role of non-governmental organisations and various experts, including but not limited to academics. Moreover, the article demonstrates circumstances to be considered with regards to disability activism. We argue that the systemic transformation that Poland underwent in 1989 and the following years pertained chiefly to matters relating to improving the country's economic situation. This led to civic matters being treated as less of a priority. Subsequently, people with disabilities became one of the marginalised groups. Their incomplete emancipation has hindered the proper application of the principles of the CRPD. The article was co-written by persons with disabilities, who draw on their experiences, and their non-disabled colleagues in academia who are actively engaged in supporting disability activism.
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