In this paper we have assessed the impact of the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on the level of the carbon premium. The aim of the study is to determine whether there is a stable carbon premium in energy-intensive sectors. Unlike other studies, our research sample included not only companies in the energy sector, but also entities classified as energy-intensive. In the research, we used our own criterion for allocating companies to a clean and dirty portfolio, which made it possible to make the estimation of the carbon premium more resistant to changes in the rules for allocation of emission allowances. We detected a positive, statistically significant carbon premium in the years 2003–2012 and a negative one in the years 2013–2015, but we did not detect a statistically significant carbon premium in the period 2016–2019. This means that there are no grounds for concluding that there is a stable, positive carbon premium for energy-intensive companies subject to the EU ETS over time. We have also noticed that a significant problem in studying the impact of the EU ETS on the carbon premium is the use of static portfolios of clean and dirty companies.

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Streszczenie: Cel-Ocena wpływu wprowadzenia podatku bankowego na wartość rynkową banków komercyjnych w Polsce. Metodologia badania-W badaniu wykorzystano analizę zdarzeń (event study). Wynik-Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że wprowadzenie podatku bankowego wpłynęło pozytywnie na wartość rynkową przedsiębiorstw, co można tłumaczyć oczekiwaniem inwestorów, że koszt ten zostanie przerzucony z nawiązką na klientów banku. Oryginalność/wartość-Dotychczasowe badania skupiały się przede wszystkim na analizie treści ustawy o podatku od niektórych instytucji finansowych bądź wpływie wspomnianego podatku na akcję kredytową i ryzyko finansowania (funding risk). Przeprowadzone badanie jest pierwszym, wykorzystującym analizy zdarzeń przy ocenie wprowadzenia podatku bankowego w Polsce na wartość banków, co prawdopodobnie wynika z tego, że w badanym okresie wystąpiło inne bardzo istotne zdarzenie (przedstawienie projektu tzw. ustawy frankowej), którego wpływ jest trudny do wyizolowania. Mimo wspomnianej wady, istotny jest wniosek płynący z badań, gdyż oba zdarzenia powinny, jak przewidywano, negatywnie wpłynąć na wartość rynkową banków.

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Currently, waste generation is a huge problem all over the world. The largest source of generated waste is plastics from plastic packaging made of polyethylene and polypropylene, including PET bottles. Modern ecology aims to reduce the carbon footprint by recycling plastics or by producing biodegradable plastics that are completely broken down by microorganisms into simple particles that occur naturally in nature. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has good mechanical properties but is resistant to microorganisms. As a result, it cannot be classified as a biodegradable plastic, but when it is reused for the production of utility products, it becomes a bioplastic. A good way to dispose of PET is to use it for the production of utility products, in which its good mechanical properties can be used. Concrete is a basic material, the consumption of which in the construction industry is enormous. One of the negative features of concrete is its low tensile strength, which can be improved with continuous or dispersed reinforcement. This paper presents the results of compressive and tensile-bending tests of concrete reinforced with dispersed “fibres” of a different length and width, which were produced by a prototype device from PET beverage bottles. The prototype device enables repeatable fibres with a width of 2 mm, and lengths of 38 mm, 62 mm, and 93 mm to be obtained. The highest flexural tensile strength of the concrete was achieved in the case of the PET fibres with a length of 62 mm. It turned out that concrete with such reinforcement has a higher bending tensile strength by 15 % in relation to the tensile bending strength of the concrete without the dispersed reinforcement. The PET fibres also improve compressive strength. PET fibres, in order not to deteriorate in the alkaline environment of concrete, must be secured with an appropriate chemical agent. The effect of concrete reinforcement with the recycled PET fibres was compared to the effect of dispersed reinforcement made of polypropylene and steel fibres. The highest bending tensile strength was obtained in the case of the concretes with the scattered PET reinforcement. However, the differences in the bending tensile strength of concrete are not big and are equal to 0.64 MPa for polypropylene fibres and only 0.09 MPa for steel fibres.