Context: Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common endocrine disorder and causes of preventable mental retardation in children. Objective: We aimed to review the reported CH-related risk factors systematically. Data Sources: In this review, all types of human studies on the risk factors related to the occurrence or high rate of CH were included. An electronic search was conducted in international and national electronic databases. The following keywords were used: "Congenital Hypothyroidism" AND "risk factor".

Background: Febrile seizure is one of the most prevalent pediatric diseases. An essential part of the physicians' efforts is to decreasing the parents' stress level when they confront febrile diseases in children. Objectives: This study was performed to compare the effects of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on controlling fever and preventing seizures in children with febrile seizure. Patients and Methods: In this study, 36 children who were under the control of acetaminophen in the case of febrile diseases occurrence as well as 36 who were under the control of ibuprofen were included. After prescribing the drug for the febrile disease period (ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg every 6 hours; acetaminophen, 15 mg/kg every 6 hours), the parents were asked to record the children's body temperatures as well as any occurrence of convulsion in periods of 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after the administration of the first dose. Results:The mean temperature at the time of starting drug administration was 39.06℃ ± 0.56℃ in the acetaminophen and 39.19℃ ± 0.61℃ in the ibuprofen group (P = 0.335). There was no significant difference between the temperature decrease following ibuprofen and acetaminophen administration one, two, and four hours after the drug administration (P =0.055, P = 0.181, and P = 0.0167, respectively), but the difference was significant after 6, 12, and 24 hours (P value of 0.006, 0.044, and 0.005, respectively). No serious or important adverse effect was reported in patients. Conclusions: In this study, the type of antipyretic drug did not have any effect on preventing the convulsions. However, ibuprofen was more effective than acetaminophen for controlling fever in children and no significant adverse effect was observed by consuming any of the medications.

Background and aims: Children with thyroid disorders may be significantly exposed to a higher likelihood of constipation; however, the cause of this link remains unclear. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypothyroidism in children suffering from chronic constipation. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 380 infants over 30 days old with chronic constipation. All participants were asked for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 tests. Results: The average age of participants was 64.62±37.28 months. The overall hypothyroidism in the study population was estimated to be 4.2% based on the value of measuring serum TSH and 1.0% based on the value of serum-free T4. Further, abnormal values of both serum biomarkers led to the prevalence rate of 0.02% for hypothyroidism. Conclusion: According to the findings, there was a relationship between hypothyroidism and constipation in children; however, this relationship needs further evaluation.

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