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Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. It is an immensely heterogeneous disease, characterized by a broad variety of clinical development. The research in recent years has focused on finding new markers of prognostic significance. Bcl-2, the protein product of the Bcl-2 gene, is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that play a crucial role in a complex mechanism of apoptosis. It was recently proposed that Bcl-2 could inhibit cancer progression. Aims of the study: To evaluate the role of Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression in patients with breast carcinoma and its relation with various clinic pathological parameters. Patients and Methods: Hundred cases of primary breast cancer were included in this prospective retrospective study. The cases were collected from Rizgary Teaching Hospital and Private Laboratories during a period of ten months from February to November 2013. The expression of Bcl-2 oncoprotein was evaluated immunohis to chemically; the findings were correlated with the age of the patients, size, type and grade of the tumor, lymph node status, vascular invasion, and the estrogen and progesterone receptors. Results: Bcl-2 oncoprotein was detected in 61 cases of primary breast cancer (61%). In this study the majority of estrogen and progesterone receptors positive cases, (71%) and (59%) respectively, showed positive Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression, (P=0.030) and (P=0.001) respectively. No significant correlation with the age of the patient, size, type, grade of the tumor, lymph node status nor with lymphovascular invasion could be found, (P=0.218), (P=0.410), (p=0.947), (p=0.938), (p=0.190), (P=0.370) respectively. Conclusions: Bcl-2 oncoprotein was frequently expressed in primary breast cancer. This study revealed a significant correlation between Bcl-2 and the estrogen and progesterone receptors. Our results suggest that Bcl-2 expression may be related to hormonal regulation. Larger patient study groups with a long follow up period will be helpful to clarify the prognostic significance of Bcl-2.

Background and objective: Prostate cancer is now the commonest cancer in men and the second commonest cause of cancer death after lung cancer. The introduction of pros-tate specific antigen (PSA) testing has revolutionized the early detection, management and follow-up of patients with prostate cancer and it is considered to be one of the best bio-chemical markers currently available in the field of oncology. This prospective study was aimed to Evaluate the diagnostic performance characteristics of prostate specific antigen (PSA) by comparing serum PSA value with histopathological finding of prostate biopsy , Determine the relation between PSA and various prostatic diseases, and To explain the effect of age on PSA testing. Methods: To fulfill these objectives, 92 specimens of prostate biopsy from patients with history of prostatism who underwent prostate surgery (prostatectomy, TURP and true cut biopsy of prostate) with samples of serum for tPSA analysis taken preoperatively during a period of 10 months. In addition to 33 samples of serum taken from apparently healthy indi-viduals for tPSA analysis. Results: From 92 cases 12 of them were malignant, 49 cases were BPH and 31 cases were BPH with prostatitis. Statistically there was significant relation between PSA values and histopathological findings of prostate biopsy and significant relation between age and PSA value of apparently healthy individuals. PSA sensitivity was (100%), specificity (46.25%), PPV (21.8%), and NPV (100 Sensitivity of PSA testing was better than specific-ity. Conclusion: It is concluded that PSA evaluation is a sensitive marker for prostate can-cer but because of various other conditions that affect serum PSA concentration. Other methods of investigations such as DRE, TRUS and histological examination should be combined to confirm diagnosis.

Background and Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is considered as a major health problem worldwide and has been associated with high recurrence rate and poor progno-sis. Advances in understanding of OSCC have not improved the outcome in their management significantly. Many studies have focused on the roles of biomolecular markers in OSCC. The use of p16 and Ki67 as biomarkers of biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma is contro-versial. This study aimed to determine immunoexpression of P16 and Ki67 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and to evaluate their association with various clinicopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: Fifty cases of squamous cell carcinoma from different locations in the oral cavity were included in this cross sectional study. The cases were collected from Rizgary Teaching Hospital and Private Laboratories in Erbil city during a period of eight months from October 2018 to May 2019. The expression of p16 and Ki 67 were evaluated immunohistochem-ically; the findings were correlated with the age of the patients, gender, site of the tumor and grade of the tumor. Result: A total of 50 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma were enrolled in this study the age ranged from 33 to 89 years, with a mean age ± SD of (64.24 ±12.01) years and more than half (52.0%) of them were males. Lower lip was the most common site of the tumor followed by upper lip and tongue (42.0%, 26.0% and 18.0%, respectively). Histopathological findings of the tumor showed that (54.0%) of the patients had moderately differentiated squamous cell carci-noma. However, (84.0%) of the patients showed negative expression of P 16, while Ki 67 ex-pression was positive among (76.0%) of them. No significant statistical association were found between immunoexpression of p16 and age, sex of patient, site of the tumor and grade of the tumor (P=0.67, P=0,095, P=0.696, P=0.454 respectively). No significant statistical association were found between immunoexpression of Ki67 and age, sex of patient, site of the tumor and grade of the tumor (P=0.637, P=0,411, P=0.353, P=1.00 respectively). Conclusion: in relation to the results obtained in this study no significant association were found between P16 and Ki 67 immunoexpression in oral squamous cell carcinoma with clinicopatho-logical parameters. Further researches have to be designed to better understand the role of p16 and Ki 67 in OSCC. Keywords: oral squamous cell carcinoma, immunoexpression, P16, Ki67.

Congenital granular cell epulis is a rare benign tumor of soft tissue in newborns. In most cases it arises from the anterior part of the maxillary alveolar ridge and is ten times more prevalent in females than males. We present a case report of a 2-month-old female infant, who presented with a mass on the gingival mucosa. The lesion was completely removed by simple excision. A final diagnosis of a congenital granular cell tumor was made by histologic and immunohistochemical examination.