Highly virulent fowl aviadenoviruses (genus: Aviadenovirus) represent a significant risk in poultry farming that may contribute to increased mortality rates and may adversely affect the growth performance of poultry flocks. In this study, we performed the clinicopathological characterization of a FAdV strain SHP95 isolated from a commercial farm and its whole genome sequencing. The study revealed that the isolated strain is a highly virulent serotype 4 FAdV that can cause 100% mortality in day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens with a dose of 2.5 × 10(5) TCID50. At a lower viral dose (1.5 × 10(4) TCID50), the infection in day-old SPF chickens caused 40% mortality and lesions characteristic for Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS). The viral strain was detectable by real time PCR in chicken organs, including the lymphoid organs until day 28 after infection. The whole genome assembly of strain SHP95 revealed a size of 45,641 bp, which encodes for 42 viral open reading frame (ORF). The comparative analysis in the genome shows 98.1% similarity between strain SHP95 and other FAdV-4 genomes reported. The major differences in the genome sequence between pathogenic and non-pathogenic fowl Adenovirus were identified in the right arm of the genome.

In this study, we conducted the clinicopathological characterization of a non-pathogenic FAdV-D serotype 11 strain MX95, isolated from healthy chickens, and its entire genome was sequenced. Experiments in SPF chickens revealed that the strain is a non-pathogenic virus that did not cause death at challenge doses of 1×10 TCID50. Additionally, the infection in SPF chickens caused no apparent damage in most of the organs analyzed by necropsy and histopathology, but it did cause inclusion body hepatitis; nevertheless it did not generate severe infectious clinical symptoms. The virus was detected in several chicken organs, including the lymphoid organs, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) until 42 days. The genome of FAdV-11 MX95 has a size of 44,326bp, and it encodes 36 open reading frames (ORFs). Comparative analysis of the genome indicated only 0.8% dissimilarity with a highly virulent serotype 11 that was previously reported.

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Plants have developed physiological and molecular mechanisms to support and adapt to adverse environments. One response to abiotic stress is the accumulation of free proline (PRO). PRO can induce the expression of many genes, which have the proline-responsive element (PRE) in their promoters, nevertheless due to the complexity of interactions between stress factors and various molecular, biochemical and physiological phenomena it is still unclear whether a more efficient PRO accumulation can be considered a biomarker of tolerance in plants. In the present work, we evaluated the accumulation of PRO in two genotypes of sorghum with contrasting tolerance to cold stress. To explore the cause behind the accumulation of proline under cold stress conditions, we identified the Transcription Factors Binding Sites (TFBS) present in the promoter regions in the genes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of proline in sorghum and other important crops, finding that the untranslated 3 'region P5CS gene contains different TFBS. We found TFBS that could allow the activation of genes involved in proline biosynthesis through the ornithine pathway under cold stress conditions, suggesting that ornithine route can be activated under cold stress conditions. Keywords: Biomarker, Cold, Proline, Sorghum, TFBS. Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 2018, 3(3):77-86 RESUMENLas plantas han desarrollado mecanismos fisiológicos y moleculares para soportar y adaptarse a entornos adversos. Una de las respuestas a condiciones de estrés abiótico es la acumulación de prolina (PRO). PRO puede inducir la expresión de distintos genes, que tienen el elemento de respuesta a prolina (PRE) en sus promotores, sin embargo, debido a la complejidad de las interacciones entre los factores de estrés y varios fenómenos moleculares, bioquímicos y fisiológicos aún no está claro si la acumulación de PRO puede considerarse un biomarcador de tolerancia en las plantas. En el presente trabajo evaluamos la acumulación de PRO en dos genotipos de sorgo con tolerancia contrastante a estrés por frío. Para explorar la causa detrás de la acumulación de prolina ante condiciones de estrés por frío, identificamos los TFBS presentes en las regiones promotoras en los genes involucrados en la biosíntesis y degradación de prolina en sorgo y otros cultivos importantes encontrando que la región 3' no transcrita del gen P5CS contiene diferentes TFBS. Encontramos TFBS que pudieran permitir la activación de los genes involucrados en la biosíntesis de prolina a través de la vía de ornitina ante condiciones de estrés por frío lo que sugiere que dicha vía puede activarse ante condiciones de estrés por frío.

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