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Acoustics suggests hidden diversity in Scinax garbei (Anura: Hylidae). Scinax garbei is a treefrog species thought to be widely distributed across forest habitats of the Amazon Basin, occurring in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. However, the morphological, acoustic and molecular characters of this species vary across its distribution. In view of this variation, the present study re-analyzes published advertisement calls and analyses new call data of nine populations of S. garbei from five countries, aiming to assess acoustic divergence. In addition, the territorial call of the species is described for the first time. Based on multivariate analyses of advertisement call data, there are three groups of populations with distinct calls, referred to herein as S. garbei Brazil, Northwestern, and Southwestern. Scinax garbei Northwestern is distinguished from S. garbei Southwestern by temporal call traits, whereas S. garbei Brazil differs from the other two groups based on both temporal and spectral traits. These results indicate that S. garbei may represent a complex of up to three species, thereby highlighting the need for a thorough taxonomic revision of this species.

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Two species of Pristimantis are known to exist in the Cerrado Biome, P. dundeei and P. ventrigranulous. Here we report on new localities for P. dundeei that extend its known distribution and present new data on its call and habitat. The new data are from Santo Antônio do Leverger, Barra do Garças and Pontal do Araguaia (MT). Calls were noticeably pulsed to the human ear, with 2-12 similar notes released at a rate of 16-21/s. Calls lasted from 136 to 642 ms, with frequency peaks at 3937-4125 kHz. We found three emphasized frequency bands that were not harmonically related one each other, the second being the dominant one. Males called from a wide range of habitats, from bushes or trees, from open areas or inside forests. Our data from Barra do Garças extend the distribution of P. dundeei up to 380 km to east, which place it in close range to P. ventrigranulous. With regard to characteristics of their call and morphology, these two species cannot be distinguished by any feature. Further studies that consider their genetic distance would be decisive to an eventual synonymization of the two species. ARTICLE HISTORY

We describe for the first time the advertisement calls of three Elachistocleis species (E. surumu, E. magna, E. carvalhoi) and provide additional data on the calls of three other species (E. matogrosso, E. helianneae, E. muiraquitan). Additionally, we evaluate intraspecific variation in morphology and color patterns, and comment on species diagnosis in the genus. The advertisement calls of the six species of Elachistocleis have a stereotyped temporal and spectral structure, which consists of a long sustained multipulsed note with an upsweep in frequency at its onset, followed by a constant frequency along the note. Newly collected Elachistocleis from northern and western Brazil showed intraspecific variation in morphology and coloration that had not been previously reported. Coloration was listed as a diagnostic feature in the original descriptions of the Elachistocleis species evaluated in this study, but color patterns were variable in some species and sometimes did not allow for species differentiation. Our results indicated that the three species with greater degrees of morphological similarity (E. helianneae, E. matogrosso, E. muiraquitan) differed in microtemporal and spectral traits of their calls. Moreover, pulse duration in E. helianneae was very distinct, lasting approximately twice the average pulse duration in calls of the other species studied. Therefore, pulse duration might be an informative trait when assigning specimens to E. helianneae, which is widely distributed across Amazonian lowland forests and in a region of Amazonian savanna. Our results bring novelties on species diagnosis and intraspecific variation in Elachistocleis based on acoustic evidence and morphological/color patterns, and accentuate the importance of taking into consideration multiple lines of evidence as a means for accurate species-level identification in this genus of Neotropical frogs.