This review article provides an update of the empirical research on cognitive fragility conducted in the last four years. The studies retrieved were classified in four different categories. The first category includes articles relating cognitive frailty to cognitive reserve and which continue to highlight the importance of educational level. The second category includes recent research on cognitive fragility biomarkers, involving neuroimaging, metabolism and, in a novel way, microbiota. The third category includes research on how cognitive frailty is related to motor development and physical functioning, exploring e.g. the use of technology to study motor markers of cognitive frailty. Finally, in the fourth category, research clarifying the difference between reversible frailty and potentially reversible cognitive frailty has led to new interventions aimed at reducing cognitive frailty and preventing negative health outcomes. Interventions based on physical activity and multicomponent interventions are particularly emphasized. In addition, recent research explores the long-term effects of dual interventions in older adults living in nursing homes. In summary, research on cognitive frailty has increased in recent years, and applied aspects have gained importance.

This study examined the effects of culture, gender and age on the structure and mean levels of physical self-concept (PSC) and social physique anxiety (SPA) in adolescents from Portugal and Spain. An additional aim was to examine the effects of these variables on the PSC-SPA correlation. Adolescents (N = 3528, age range 12-18 years) completed the social physique anxiety scale and physical self-worth scale from the physical self-perception profi le. Single-and multi-sample confi rmatory factor analyses supported a two-factor model of PSC and SPA in the overall sample and within and across the culture, gender and age subsamples. Latent means analyses indicated that females tended to have signifi cantly higher average SPA levels and lower PSC levels relative to males. There was a general downward trend in PSC in males and females in each cultural group. SPA was relatively consistent in females and higher than males in most groups. SPA was relatively similar in males and females in younger age groups (born 1994-1996), but declined in older males. SPA was similar in Portuguese males and females in the youngest age group (born 1996), but males tended to have lower scores in older age groups. Results generally support hypotheses and are discussed relative to self-presentation models and coping with appearance-related stress.

El presente estúdio procura realizar un resumen sobre las modificaciones y tendencias en modelos de planificación de entrenamiento deportivo tradicionales e contemporaneos. Más concretamente si discute la utilización de nuevos conceptos complementares de modelos classicos de planificación y las modificaciones en las estruturas de competición actuales, bien como las mejorias en las condiciones materiales y la inversión necesária hasta el alto rendimiento. Los contributos de la ciencia a las adaptaciones a la carga de entrenamiento son factores sobre los quales és necesarios reflectir para una planificación eficaz del entrenamiento deportivo moderno.

The study of self-perceptions in groups with disability is an emergent area of research in Portugal and additional evidence is needed concerning Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance of young students with Down Syndrome (DS). The main purpose of this research was to examine the reliability of a Portuguese version of the Dutch Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance (Vermeer & Veenhof, 1997) to be used in children with and without DS. A second purpose was to assess hypothetical differences in Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance among young male and female students with and without DS. Two groups were analysed including 30 participants without DS aged 4 and 5 years old, 15 females (M = 4.40, sd = .51 yr.) and 15 males (M = 4.40, sd = .51 yr.) attending the kindergarten and 47 participants with DS aged 8 to 20 years old, 21 females (M = 14.95, sd = 2.50 yr.) and 26 males (M = 14.50, sd = 3.29 yr.) attending special schools for children with intellectual disabilities. A Portuguese version of the PSPCSA was used to assess Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance in both groups with and without disability. Results from internal consistency and test/retest reliability measures revealed that this version was appropriate to be used with children with DS from both genders. Gender differences in this study revealed that female students with DS perceived higher levels of Physical Competence but lower levels of Acceptance by their peers when compared with female students without DS. On the other hand, male students with DS felt less accepted by their peers but perceived higher levels of Parental Acceptance when compared with their male colleges without DS.

RESUMO O presente estudo analisou a hipotética relação hierárquica entre eficácia percepcionada, competência física e auto-estima global em basquetebolistas, bem como eventuais diferenças entre sexos e entre atletas com e sem deficiência. Analisámos também a influência do tempo de prática e da frequência de prática nos níveis de eficácia, de competência e de auto-estima global, em cada um dos grupos estudados. Os participantes foram 193 basquetebolistas, 59 do sexo masculino com deficiência física (32.80 ± 11.64 anos), 80 do sexo masculino sem deficiência física (21.48 ± 4.69 anos) e 54 do sexo feminino sem deficiência física (22.91 ± 3.11 anos), envolvidos em competições de nível nacional. Os resultados obtidos suportam a existência de uma organização hierárquica entre a eficácia percepcionada, a competência física avaliada através das autopercepções no domínio físico e a autoestima global. Foi igualmente confirmada a existência da autovalorização física como variável moderadora ou preditora entre as percepções da base e o topo do modelo, ou seja, entre as percepções no domínio físico e a auto-estima global. Esta relação apresenta um sentido negativo, ou seja, percepções fortes de competência e de eficácia não geram sentimentos fortes de confiança e de satisfação individual em outros contextos do dia-a-dia. Palavras-chave: auto-eficácia, confiança física, auto-estima, desporto adaptado ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the hypothetical hierarchical relationship between self-efficacy, physical self and global self-esteem, in groups with and without physical disability as well as gender and condition between groups. A second purpose was to assess the influence of independent variables, such as time and frequency of sport involvement, on self-efficacy, physical competence and global selfesteem for each of the groups studied. Participants were 193 basketball players, 59 male athletes with disability (mean age 32.80 ± 11.64), 80 male athletes without disability (mean age 21.48 ± 4.69), and 54 female athletes without disability (mean age 22.91 ± 3.11), all participating in Portuguese national competitions. Results showed evidence of a hierarchical organization among self-efficacy, physical selfperceptions and global self-esteem. Physical self-worth was also confirmed as a mediator between selfperceptions at the base of the model and feelings in the apex, i.e., between physical self-perceptions and global self-esteem. However, this relationship was found to be a negative one. Strong perceptions of self-efficacy and physical competence seem to generate weaker global feelings of self-confidence and personal satisfaction in everyday life contexts.