Carbon supporter from biomass has been fabricated by hydrothermal carbonization due to this process changes the structure of lignocellulose including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The applications from carbon support are gaining in importance due to decreasing supply of fossil fuels and growing environmental concerns. Hydrothermal carbonization process was used to upgrade biomass such as sawdust and bagasse varying temperature at 160 to 200 o C and varying times at 4 to 24 hr with deionized water 120 ml and 60 ml, respectively. The biochars from sawdust and bagasse under hydrothermal carbonization conditions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It showed that the most hydroxyl group from this samples was decreased due to cellulose and hemicellulose from biochars were decomposed over than 200 o C. The Biochars yield from sawdust and bagasse by hydrothermal carbonization conditions was determined from weight loss after hydrothermal carbonization process, which is Biochars yield were decreased with increasing hydrothermal carbonization temperature because lignocellulose was decomposed at high temperature and time. The morphology of Biochars were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It represented the porous structure was inflated to increasing hydrothermal carbonization temperature.

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Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) catalyst on carbon support from varying ratio of sawdust and sugarcane bagasse has been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization and calcination process. Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic structure into carbon support is investigated at 200 oC for 24 hr and calcination at 600 °C for 2 hr. The precursor of MoS2 catalyst is prepared using thiourea (CH4N2S) and ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate ((NH4)6Mo7O24 . 4H2O) loaded on carbon support. The lignocellulosic structure as hemicellulose and cellulose is changed at high temperature via hydrothermal carbonization and calcination. The distribution of molybdenum disulfide on carbon support is varied based on morphology and functional group of carbon support. The morphology and functional group were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It shows that carbon support at equal ratio (1:1) of sawdust and sugarcane bagasse is an optimum ratio with high distribution of molybdenum disulfide catalyst on carbon support.

Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) membrane has been successfully fabricated from two-step anodization with aluminum low grade (Al6061). The pore density, the pore diameter, and the interpore distance can be controlled by varying anodization process conditions. However, there are limits to control the mechanical strength and growth of AAO arrays, such as pore density, pore diameter and interpore distance. In this research the self-organized two-step anodization is carried out varying time at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively with 40V at the low temperature 2-5°C. The optimum conditions of AAO with two-step anodization is 40V for 48 hr. Finally, AAO substrate is separated from aluminum low-grade and enlarged pore diameter with pore widening process by 5% H3PO4. The physical properties were investigated by mean of field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) show that the average pore diameter and average interpore distance increase with the anodization time. Al6061 Aluminum substrate can be used to fabricate a nanoporous AAO film with an average pore diameter and average interpore distance larger than 70 and 90 nanometers, respectively but less mechanical stability.

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is well known for its nanoscopic structures and its applications in microfluidics, sensors and nanoelectronics. The pore density, the pore diameter, and the interpore distance of an AAO substrate can be controlled by varying anodization process conditions. In this research, the self-organized two-step anodization is carried out with a low-grade (Al6061) aluminium substrate using a 40V voltage at the temperature of 2 to 5 °C. Three experiments are done with the anodization time of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. The structural features of AAO are characterized by a field emission electron microscope (FE-SEM). The data from FE-SEM show that the average pore diameter increases with the anodization time, and that the Al6061 aluminium substrate can be used to fabricate a nanoporous AAO film with an average pore diameter smaller than 17 nanometers.