The notion of open innovation suggests that firms can boost their innovative performance by both acquiring knowledge from outside the company and deploying external paths to market for commercialization of non-core technologies. As innovations emerge increasingly from interorganisational cooperation, the background for such cooperation can also have an impact on the involvement of companies into open innovation processes. Thereby this paper proposes to analyze the barriers towards open innovation from three different aspects, such as internal firms' environment, institutional factors or innovation system and cultural background. Our findings indicate that economic systems and institutions (in particular the protection of IPRs) may have large effects on the behaviour of firms with respect to their engagement in open innovation practices. On the other hand, our results also suggest that the importance of appropriability regime may differ in the buy and sell sides of knowledge, and finally we demonstrate the influence of peculiarities of national cultures upon the adoption of certain elements of open innovation model.

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In many European areas, recent transitions in rural development can be described as a shift from an emphasis on food production to a diversity of new forms of natural resource utilisation. This shift towards post-productivism is characteristic to many coastal areas, where commercial fisheries try to adapt their strategies with other activities, interests and ideologies, such as the protection of biodiversity, leisure use and tourism. This article analyses opportunities and governance arrangements that support commercial fishers' adaptation within a post-productivist setting, focusing on the Archipelago Sea region in southwest Finland. Relying on interview, survey and documentary material, the casestudy recognises new forms of multifunctional activities that enhance the viability and resilience of coastal communities and also deliver benefits to the environmental and leisure sectors.

This paper focuses on different variations of pluriactivity in small‐scale fishermen's households and how these are connected to the life‐mode and survival strategies of the fishermen. Special attention is given to the diversification of household economy, fishermen's attitudes towards their work and the support from other stakeholder groups. The empirical material comprises of personal interviews conducted with fishermen in the Archipelago Sea Region, SW Finland. Throughout the centuries fishing, shipping, and agriculture have been combined and interlinked in the region. The pluriactivity nature of the livelihoods is still important, but the combinations have changed. New forms of pluriactivity have provided a basis for adaptation of commercial fishing in the changing conditions of existence. In spite of the common economic adaptation through wage‐work, the cultural dimensions of the fisherman‐peasant life‐mode still hold a strong position.

Abstract. Idempotent states on a unimodular coamenable locally compact quantum group A are shown to be in one-to-one correspondence with right invariant expected C * -subalgebras of A. Haar idempotents, that is, idempotent states arising as Haar states on compact quantum subgroups of A, are characterised and shown to be invariant under the natural action of the modular element. This leads to the one-to-one correspondence between Haar idempotents on A and right invariant symmetric expected C * -subalgebras of A without the unimodularity assumption. Finally the tools developed in the first part of the paper are applied to show that the coproduct of a coamenable locally compact quantum group restricts to a continuous coaction on each right invariant expected C * -subalgebra.Idempotent probability measures on locally compact groups arise naturally as limit distributions of random walks. By analogy, when one considers quantum random walks in the setup provided by topological quantum groups [FS 1 ], one is led to consider idempotent states on locally compact quantum groups. Since the work of Kawada and Itô [KaI], idempotent probability measures have been well understood, as they all arise as Haar measures on compact subgroups. In the quantum world, as shown in [Pal], the situation is more complicated, as already some finite quantum groups admit idempotent states which cannot be canonically associated with any quantum subgroup. Motivated by this discovery U. Franz and the second-named author, later joined by R. Tomatsu, have begun a systematic investigation of idempotent states on finite and compact quantum groups [FS 2−3 , FST]. In particular, necessary and sufficient conditions for such states to be Haar idempotents, i.e. to arise as Haar states on closed quantum subgroups, have been identified, and close relations to expected right invariant C * -subalgebras (called in [FS 3 ] coidalgebras) uncovered. On the other hand the first-named author, inspired by the harmonic analysis considerations due to Lau and Losert showed in a recent paper [Sa] a one-to-one correspondence between compact quantum subgroups of a coamenable locally compact quantum group A and certain right invariant unital C * -subalgebras of A.Motivated by these developments, in this paper we study idempotent states and related structures on coamenable locally compact quantum groups in the sense of [KuV]. At first it might appear that the algebraic formalism here is similar to that encountered in [FS 2−3 ] and [FST], but technical aspects of the locally compact theory (such as the absence of a natural dense Hopf * -algebra) make the problems we2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46L65, Secondary 43A05, 46L30, 60B15.