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Introduction Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 2nd Edition (BSID-II) and its latest version Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd Edition (Bayley-III) are currently the most widely used standardized developmental tools in both clinical practice and research settings for assessment of development in infancy and early childhood (0-42 monhts), early diagnosis of developmental delays, providing information for early intervention planning, and assessment of the efficiency of these interventions. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development was first published in 1969 [1], it was updated and standardized in 1993 as BSID-II [2]. BSID-II is comprised of two scales, the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI). MDI measures the combination of the nonverbal cognitive and language skills, and PDI measures the combination of fine and gross motor skills. The third edition, Bayley-III, was published in 2006, and MDI was divided into cognitive, receptive language, and expressive language subscales, and the PDI into fine motor skills and gross motor skills subscales [3]. Thus, Bayley-III provides significant advantages over BSID-II with regard to assessing the cognitive, receptive language, expressive language, fine motor, and gross motor skills of the child separately and offers more detailed and clear information about areas that may benefit from targeted interventions. The concerns have risen gradually since 2010 that scores on Bayley-III are higher than those obtained with Background/aim: Latest version of Bayley Scales (Bayley-III) and its predecessor (BSID-II) are the most widely used standardized developmental tools in infancy and early childhood. Recent studies showed that Bayley-III scores were higher than BSID-II in 18-24 month-old and mostly premature infants. We aimed to evaluate the generalization of inflated scores of Bayley-III to children aged 6-42 months with different disease groups, and to find out which cutoff points should be used in Bayley-III to detect mild, moderate, and severe developmental delay according to BSID-II standard cutoff points. Materials and methods: Two hundred and fifty-five children aged 6-42 months with different diseases and developmental levels were administered both the Bayley-III and BSID-II in the same session between 15 November 2017 and 15 April 2018. Results: The mean Bayley-III Cognitive Composite (CC) and Cognitive Language Composite (CLC) scores were respectively 13.1 ± 9.1 and 8.6 ± 8 points higher than BSID-II Mental Development Index (MDI) scores (P < 0.001). The mean Bayley-III Motor Composite (MC) scores were 14.4 ± 10.5 points higher than BSID-II Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) scores (P < 0.001). Cognitive delay was found in 126 (49.4%) and 59 (23.1%) children according to BSID-II MDI and Bayley-III CC scores, respectively. Motor delay was found in 174 (69.3%) and 86 (34.3%) children according to the BSID-II PDI and Bayley-III MC scores, respectively. Children had less cognitive (48.6%) and motor delay (...

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The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths (SBS), failure modes (adhesive, cohesive, or mixed), and marginal microleakage occurrence of conventional resin (CR)-based, glass ionomer (GI)-based, and self-adhesive resin (SAR)-based fissure sealants with or without prior phosphoric acid (PA) etching. Fifty extracted premolars were randomly and equally assigned into five groups -G1:PA+CR, G2:PA+GI, G3:GI, G4:PA+SAR, and G5:SAR. Prior PA etching significantly (p<0.05) increased the SBSs of sealants. Adhesive failure mainly occurred in teeth treated with SAR-or GI-based fissure sealants, and cohesive failure mainly occurred in PA-etched teeth. Microleakage occurrence differed significantly (p<0.05) among the five groups of treated teeth. We concluded that conditioning of a tooth's enamel surface is crucial to creating strong bonds and leak-free sealing between tooth and fissure sealant.

Hipoksik iskemik ensefalopati (HİE) dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de gelişimsel sorunların önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Çalışmamızda terapötik hipotermi uygulanan bebeklerin nörogelişimsel sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2017-Ağustos 2019 tarihleri arasında Gelişimsel Pediatri Polikliniği'nde HİE nedeniyle izlenen ve yenidoğan döneminde terapötik hipotermi uygulanan 47 hastanın tıbbi kayıtları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Gelişimsel değerlendirmede Bayley Bebek ve Çocuklar için Gelişimsel Değerlendirme Ölçeği II (Bayley-II) kullanıldı. Bulgular: Otuz dokuz (%83) hastada orta HİE; 8 (%17) hastada ağır HİE saptandı. Orta HİE'li hastaların, Bilişsel Gelişim İndeksi (MDI) ve Psikomotor Gelişim İndeksi (PDI) skorları ağır HİE'li hastalardan daha yüksekti (ortanca MDI sırasıyla 95 ve 49, p=0.007; PDI sırasıyla 89 ve 49, p=0.013). Bilişsel gelişimde gecikme, hareket gelişiminde gecikme, serebral palsi ve ciddi nörogelişimsel sorun sırasıyla hastaların %42.6, %42.5, %19.1 ve %17'sinde saptandı. Bayley-II skorları hastaların sadece %44.6'sında normaldi. Ağır HİE'li hastalarda bilişsel gelişimde belirgin gecikme (MDI≤69), hareket gelişiminde belirgin gecikme (PDI≤69), serebral palsi ve ciddi nörogelişimsel sorun daha sıktı (sırasıyla p=0.001, p=0.020, p=0.004 ve p=0.002). Epilepsi, mikrosefali, işitme kaybı, görme kaybı ve yutma sorunu ağır HİE'li hastalarda daha sık görülmesine rağmen istatistiksel anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p>0.05). Özel eğitim, fizyoterapi ve dil terapisi gereksinimi ağır HİE'li hastalarda daha sıktı (sırasıyla p=0.001, p=0.028 ve p=0.033). Yenidoğan döneminde nöbet geçiren hastaların ortanca MDI skorları, geçirmeyenlerden düşüktü (sırasıyla 79.6 ve 93.8, p=0.020). Sonuç: Terapötik hipotermi, HİE'li bebeklerde ölüm ya da ağır engel gelişme riskini azaltsa da hayatta kalanların yaklaşık yarısında nörogelişimsel sorunlar görülmektedir. Bu bebeklerde gelişimin izlenmesi, desteklenmesi, zamanında ve uygun sağaltımı uzun vadeli sonuçların iyileştirilmesi bakımından önemlidir.