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This study aimed to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine and midazolam-ketamine combinations on cardiopulmonary and clinical parameters in New Zealand white rabbits. The DXK group (n=8) received dexmedetomidine (50 µg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg), and the MDK group (n=8) received midazolam (0.6 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg) in the same syringe through the intramuscular (IM) route. Before anaesthesia and for 120 minutes, reflexes, haemodynamic values and blood gas changes were monitored. It was determined that anaesthesia was induced within a shorter time and lasted longer in DXK. The difference between the groups in terms of the time of loss of the pedal reflex (2.0 min in DXK, 7.5 min in MDK) was statistically significant (p<0.05). It was observed that, in both groups, the heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR) and oxy-haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) values decreased, and the end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) values increased, but these changes were greater in DXK. With regard to arterial blood gasses, a reduction in pH and pO2 and an increase in pCO2 were also more noticeable in DXK. Consequently, at the doses applied, dexmedetomidine-ketamine caused more noticeable changes in the haemodynamic values and blood gasses in comparison to midazolam-ketamine. High-dose dexmedetomidine (50 µg/kg) and low-dose ketamine (20 mg/kg) achieved induction in a shorter time but led to a significant reduction in RR. It was concluded that the combination of midazolam (0.6 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg) could be regarded as appropriate for the anaesthesia of New Zealand white rabbits.

Evaluation of the effect of birth type on the blood gas and Apgar scores of Aleppo goat newborn kids ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effect of eutocia and dystocia on the blood gas and Apgar scores of Aleppo goat kids. A total of 40 kids were examined, separated into 2 groups according to the type of birth. Group 1 (n=20) consisted of kids born as a result of eutocia, and the Group 2 (n=20) included kids born as a result of dystocia. The Apgar scores (appearance, pulse, grimace, attitude, respiration) were evaluated at 0, 5, and 15 minutes postpartum in the kids in both study groups, and blood samples were taken from blood gas injectors and blood gas profiles (pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3) were obtained. The data obtained were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test and Friedman post-hoc Bonferroni tests. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships between measurements. A statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in the 0, 5, and 15-min Apgar scores and in the blood gas measurements of pH, pO2, pCO2, and HCO3 at 0, 5, and 15 minutes (p<0.05). A significant time-dependent difference in Apgar score value was noted in both groups (p<0.05). There was a significant time-dependent difference in pH, pCO2, pO2, and HCO3 values in both groups (p<0.05). In Group 1, a significant correlation was determined between Apgar and pCO2 and HCO3 values (p<0.05). In Group 2, a significant correlation was recorded between Apgar and HCO3 values (r=-0.464; p<0.05). As a result, a significant difference was observed between the mode of delivery and the blood gases evaluated and Apgar scores. It was concluded that the evaluation of Apgar score and blood gases together would be more successful in neonatal interventions.

This study investigated the presence of Mycoplasma bovis in nasal swabs taken from cattle with pneumonia, to reveal the clinical and biochemical findings of positive animals, and determine the levels of vitamin A and 25(OH)D3. In the study were included 103 infected cattle and 10 healthy cattle, all aged 1-4 years, as the control group. Quantitative clinical evaluations and clinical examinations were performed on each animal, and 5 ml blood samples and nasal swabs were taken. Serum biochemistry, vitamin A and 25(OH)D3 levels were determined in both positive and control samples. The clinical signs were identified by qualitative scoring in M. bovis positive animals. Regarding the clinical findings, respiratory frequency, heart rate, and rectal temperature were significantly higher in positive than control group animals (p<0.001). Regarding the biochemistry findings, albumin (ALB) and glucose (GLU) levels were lower in cattle infected with M. bovis (p<0.001) whereas total protein (TP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were higher (p<0.001). While serum 25(OH)D3 levels were lower in infected animals (p<0.001), there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in serum vitamin A levels. In this study, clinical findings in cattle naturally infected with M. bovis were expressed qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, it has been revealed that the disease does not only cause lung involvement, but also causes changes in biochemical and vitamin levels. Although these parameters cannot be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of pneumonia, they are thought to provide benefits in terms of diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis in practice.

This study aimed to determine the incidence of latent acidotic stress (LAS), which is an important problem in dairy cow breeding in Turkey, to investigate net acid-base excretion in urine, and to provide veterinary doctors with information about the early diagnosis and treatment of LAS. Two study groups were formed according to the rumen fluid pH values: LAS group (19 cows) with 5.2 < pH < 6.0 (19 cows) and healthy group (81 cows) with 6.0 < pH < 7.2. Blood, urine and ruminal fluid samples were taken after a general clinical examination of the animals. The physical properties of the rumen fluid, methylene blue reduction time, total infusoria number, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) amounts were determined. In addition, examinations of blood gases, urine pH, and net acid-base excretion (NABE) were performed. The general physical examination did not reaveal any statistically significant difference in the body temperature between the LAS group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 81) (p = 0.614), but a significant increase in the heartbeat, respiratory frequency, and the number of rumen movements was observed in the LAS group (p = 0.001). The following findings were observed in the rumen fluid from cows of the LAS group: decreased methylene blue reduction time (p = 0.001), decreased pH (p = 0.001) and infusoria density (p = 0.001), increased sedimentation time (p = 0.001) and total VFA amount (p = 0.001), no flotation. Compared with the healthy cows, the LAS group showed decreased blood pH (p = 0.001) and oxygen pressure (pO2) (p = 0.001), increased carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2), base excess (BE) and bicarbonate (HCO3) values (p = 0.001), and decreased urine pH (p = 0.001) and net acid-base excretion (p = 0.001) values. The incidence of latent acidotic stress in dairy cows in the Sanliurfa region was determined as 19%. In addition, it was concluded that net acid-base excretion values in urine can be used as an auxiliary parameter in the diagnosis of LAS and can be easily applied in the field.