This paper describes the works on foundation strengthening of the towers of the Cathedral of St. Theresa of Avila in Subotica and the damages caused by these works. Strengthening was performed by means of jacked-in piles and deep soil injection. The construction of the Cathedral began in 1773 and it lasted for several decades with frequent interruptions and changes to the project. The present appearance of the facade was created in 1912. According to historic data, several years after construction, the cracks appeared on the front facade. With time, these cracks became more pronounced, and in 2015, when the remediation project started, the total width of major cracks reached about 15 cm. The first contemporary attempt to repair the towers was made in 2017 by inserting piles beneath the foundations. These works were interrupted due to increased settlements and the appearance of new cracks. In the second attempt, the strengthening was performed by deep injection of soil with expansive resins. During these works, settlements and damages intensified even more, causing the works to be halted in 2018. Analysis of the whole structure and revaluation of all the results, obtained from continuous monitoring of settlements and crack widths from the previous period, led to the new remediation proposal. The imperative was to retain the original appearance of the Cathedral facades while performing the total reconstruction of the upper sections of the front facade. This implies that the overall weight of the reconstructed parts is to be decreased, while the strength is to be increased. Strong structural connections are planned, both among the two towers, and between the towers and the nave. These clear structural solutions will lead to reduced stresses within the existing brick walls, reduced contact soil pressures and ceasing of increased settlements and tilting of the Cathedral towers.

Subject reviewThis paper presents the analysis of the results of observed and calculated settlements for the silo, due to load and partial saturation of the loess. In a dry state loess has high strength and low compressibility, however, highly porous layers of loess due to saturation lose structure, reduce volume and strength extremely. This feature of loess is known as structural collapse, or hydro collapse, making it one of the meta-stable soils, which are very unfavourable in terms of foundation. During the construction of the silo, due to inadequate protection during the intense rainfall, partial saturation of the surface layers has occurred, which undermined the initial structure of the loess and caused additional settlements that were registered during the first filling of the silo. To assess the development of settlements in these changed circumstances, the settlement calculations were performed, based on the collapse potential, increase of moisture, wetting depth and available quantity of rainfall for given location according to data from the National Hydro Meteorological Institute. Prediction of the expected subsequent settlements was crucial for undertaking necessary measures in order to ensure the smooth functioning of the silo. Currently, 2,5 years from the first filling of the silo cells, the settlement growth has practically diminished and the silo is functioning smoothly. Keywords: foundation; hydro-collapse; loess; settlement Analiza proračunskih i izmjerenih slijeganja silosa na lesuPregledni članak U radu je prikazana analiza rezultata izmjerenih i proračunskih slijeganja silosa uslijed opterećenja i djelomičnog zasićenja lesa. Les u suhom stanju ima visoku čvrstoću i malu stlačivost, međutim vrlo porozni slojevi lesa uslijed zasićenja gube strukturu i izrazito smanjuju volumen i čvrstoću. Ova osobina je poznata kao strukturni ili hidro kolaps, što ga svrstava u meta-stabilna tla, koja su vrlo nepovoljna u pogledu temeljenja. Prilikom izgradnje silosa, zbog neadekvatne zaštite tokom intenzivne kišne sezone prouzrokovano je djelomično zasićenje površinskih slojeva, što je narušilo inicijalnu strukturu lesa i uvjetovalo dopunska slijeganja koja su registrirana pri prvom punjenju silosa. Da bi se procijenio razvoj slijeganja u izmijenjenim uvjetima, urađen je proračun slijeganja zasnovan na potencijalu kolapsa, porastu vlažnosti, dubini provlaživanja i raspoloživoj količini kiše za danu lokaciju prema podacima nacionalnog meteorološkog zavoda. Podatak o mogućim naknadnim slijeganjima je bio presudan za poduzimanje neophodnih mjera radi obezbjeđenja neometanog funkcioniranja silosa.Od prvog punjenja silo ćelija je prošlo oko 2,5 godine. Slijeganje je praktično prestalo a silos neometano funkcionira.

REZIMEGrad Bijeljina sa oko 70 000 stanovnika, nalazi se u sjeveroistočnom dijelu Republike Srpske, Bosna i Hercegovina. Nagli prirast stanovništva u posljednjih 15 godine, te povećan broj automobila u gradu, stvorili su saobraćajnu gužvu, kako po pitanju kretanja motornih vozila, tako i njihovog parkiranja. Ako se pri tome ima u vidu, da su automobili u prosjeku stari više od 15 godina, onda je uočljivo da je pored saobraćajne gužve, ugrožena i životna sredina od štetnih gasova koji se oslobađaju iz motornih vozila. Uspješno rješavanje ove problematike, moguće je izgradnjom podzemne garaže i saobraćajnica na centralnom gradskom trgu.Ključne riječi: gradski trg, saobraćajna gužva, podzemna garaža, životna sredina BUILDING UNDERGROUND FACILITIES -GARAGES AND ROAD ON THE MAIN SQUARE IN BIJELJINA ABSTRACTTown of Bijeljina, with about 70 000 inhabitants, is located in the northeastern part of Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sudden increase of population in the last 15 years, and the increased number of cars in the city, create traffic, traffic, both in terms of movement of motor vehicles, and their parking. If in fact have in mind that cars are on average older than 15 years, it is obvious that the crowd next to traffic, and the endangered environment of the harmful gases that are free from motor vehicles. Successfully resolve these problems, it is possible the construction of underground garages and road to the central city square.Key words: square, traffic jam, underground garage, environment UVOD Velika saobraćajna gužva u gradu, rezlultat je nedovoljne saobraćajne infrastrukture, ali i ostalih potreba koje građane dovode u centralni dio grada. Navike stanovništva da je auto "obaveza" prilikom izlaska u grad, ali i loša organizacija sobraćaja, stvorili su takve gužve, gdje tokom dana u centralnom gradskom dijelu prođe oko 25 000 automobila. Najveći dio se zadržava u gradu određen vremenski

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Резиме: У тренутку припреме овог чланка, у Србији није започела градња ни једног ветро парка, мада је званично најављена изградња на више локација (Чибук, Ковин, Алибунар, Долово, Неготин). У грађевинском погледу, за пројектовање ветропарка је веома важно утврђивање геомеханичког склопа терена, који условљава начин фундирања (плитко или дубоко) ветрогенератора. Због велике висине стуба (90-120м) темељи су изложени врло великој хоризонталној сили од ветра и сеизмике, наспрам релативно мале тежине ветротурбине, кућишта и стуба. У овом раду су приказани резултати инжењерско-геолошких, геомеханичких и геофизичких истражних радова и геомеханичких лабораторијских испитивања, за изградњу ветро парка "Никине воде" на гребену планине Дели Јован у општини Неготин. Кључне речи: Ветропарк, геомеханичка испитивања, геофизичка испитивања