OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and various characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A total of 1929 subjects undergoing a medical examination in a preventive medicine clinic (age, 50710 y; 63% males). RESULTS: The proportion of subjects with CRP levels above the cut point generally used to indicate an obvious source of infection or inflammation (410 mg/l) was 3, 7, and 15% in subjects who were normal weight, overweight, and obese, respectively. Subjects with obesity had markedly higher CRP level compared to patients without obesity regardless of whether they had the metabolic syndrome. However, there was no significant difference in CRP levels between nonobese subjects without the metabolic syndrome and subjects in whom the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome was based on criteria other than obesity (adjusted geometric mean CRP 1.75 vs 2.08 mg/l, P ¼ 0.79). Similarly, CRP levels did not differ among obese subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome (adjusted geometric mean CRP 3.22 vs 3.49 mg/l, P ¼ 0.99). There was a linear increase in CRP levels with an increase in the number of metabolic disorders (P trend o0.0001), which was substantially diminished after controlling for body mass index (BMI) (P trend ¼ 0.1). Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis identified BMI, triglyceride levels, HDL cholesterol levels (inversely), and fasting glucose as independently related to CRP levels. However, BMI accounted for 15% of the variability in CRP levels, whereas triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and fasting glucose levels accounted for only B1% of the variability in CRP levels. CONCLUSION: Obesity is the major factor associated with elevated CRP in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. CRP levels in the range suggesting a source of infection or inflammation (410 mg/l) are more common among obese subjects than in nonobese subjects.

An inverse linear relationship exists between CRP concentrations and measures of pulmonary function in subjects without pulmonary disease and in never-smokers. These results indicate that systemic inflammation may be linked to early perturbations of pulmonary function.

Objective-The objective of this study was to test whether the frequent association between liver enzyme elevations and various components of the metabolic syndrome is associated with higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Methods and Results-Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-P), and high-sensitivity CRP were measured in 1740 subjects. Adjusted geometric mean CRP was calculated for subjects with normal and elevated ALT and for subjects with normal and elevated Alk-P, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, fasting glucose, triglycerides, the presence of hypertension and low HDL cholesterol, and use of aspirin or hormone replacement therapy. Adjusted CRP levels were higher in subjects with elevated ALT (2.21 versus 1.94 mg/L, Pϭ0.028) or elevated Alk-P (2.58 versus 1.66 mg/L, PϽ0.0001). Logistic regression showed that compared with subjects with normal liver function tests, the adjusted odds for high-risk CRP (Ͼ3 mg/L) were significantly higher in subjects with elevated ALT (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9, Pϭ0.002) or elevated Alk-P (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7 to 2.6, PϽ0.0001). Conclusions-Elevations

Fasting glucose is significantly and positively associated with plasma CRP in middle-aged subjects. CRP levels increase continuously across the spectrum of fasting glucose, beginning in the lowest quartile of normal fasting glucose. This finding suggests that a proinflammatory effect may contribute to the adverse cardiovascular outcome associated with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and increasing glucose levels within the normal range.

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