The first draft of the new Hungarian Civil Code was published in 2006. The Code will repeal Act IV of 1959, the Civil Code in force. The reason for adopting a new Civil Code is that the current Code has been amended more than 150 times. The Government foresees that the new Code shall be the legislative conclusion and summarisation of the process of the change of the regime from a centrally planned socialist economy to a multi-party democracy with market economy. The new Code shall meet three requirements: it shall cover the most important parts of civil law, it shall give answers to newly emerged economic needs, and finally, it shall solve existing dogmatic problems. In line with these principles the draft broadens the scope of the Code by incorporating e.g. family law, the law of negotiable instruments and material rules of land registry; however the Code will still not contain rules on company law and labour law. The draft significantly modernises civil law: it introduces detailed regulation for registered and unregistered partnership, and fundamentally amends the law of secured transactions. In accordance with the third principle, the draft creates the common rules for all obligations, although it still does not provide rules for juristic acts in the field of property law. If these principles are followed, the Code might play a significant role in the removal of trade obstacles and the reduction of legal uncertainty and, thus, lead to an enhanced economy with lower transaction costs and more easily accessible credit. Résumé: L’avant-projet du nouveau Code civil hongrois a été publié en 2006. Le Code viendra abroger la Loi n 4 de 1959, autrement dit le Code civil en vigueur. Le fait que Code civil actuel ait été amendé plus de 150 fois justifie l’adoption d’un nouveau Code. Le Gouvernement prévoit que le nouveau Code sera la conclusion législative et le résumé du processus de changement d’un régime d’économie socialiste planifiée vers une démocratie pluripartiste avec une économie de marché. Le nouveau Code doit répondre à trois exigences : il doit traiter des éléments les plus importants du droit civil, il doit répondre aux besoins économiques apparus récemment, et finalement, il doit résoudre les problémes dogmatiques actuels. En accord avec ces principes, le projet élargit le champ d’application du Code, en incorporant par exemple, le droit de la famille, le droit des titres négociables et les régles matérielles d’enregistrement foncier. Cependant, le Code ne contiendra pas le droit des sociétés et le droit du travail. Le projet modernise considérablement le droit civil : il introduit une réglementation détaillée pour le concubinage enregistré et non-enregistré et amende fondamentalement le droit des sÛretés. En accord avec le troisième principe, le projet crée des règles communes pour toutes les obligations, mais ne prévoit pas de règles pour les actes juridiques relatifs au domaine du droit de la propriété. Si ces principes sont suivis, le Code pourrait jouer un rôle significatif pour la suppression des obstacles commerciaux et la réduction de l’insécurité juridique, et ainsi aboutir à une économie améliorée avec des charges de transaction plus basses et des crédits plus facilement accessibles.
After the prudential requirements introduced by EMIR in 2012, the European Union took a further step when it adopted a regulation in 2021 on the framework for the recovery and resolution of central counterparties. The regulation is based on the bank recovery and resolution directive of 2014. This paper provides a critical overview of the new regulation by focusing on the question of whether the bank resolution tools are useful and effective in the case of central counterparty resolutions.
The new European rules on securitisation entered into force in 2019 with a view to revitalising the securitisation market. By introducing public law rules, the regulation intends to avoid the re-creation of the risks that played a role in the 2008–2009 financial crisis. The regulation, however, does not contain private law rules. Consequently, the substantive rules pertaining to securitisation will remain to be formed by the national laws of the Member States of the European Union. This paper argues that the ways in which non-assignment clauses are regulated in Member States will have a significant impact on the availability of securitisation.
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