It has previously been thought that there was a steep Cretaceous and Cenozoic radiation of marine invertebrates. This pattern can be replicated with a new data set of fossil occurrences representing 3.5 million specimens, but only when older analytical protocols are used. Moreover, analyses that employ sampling standardization and more robust counting methods show a modest rise in diversity with no clear trend after the mid-Cretaceous. Globally, locally, and at both high and low latitudes, diversity was less than twice as high in the Neogene as in the mid-Paleozoic. The ratio of global to local richness has changed little, and a latitudinal diversity gradient was present in the early Paleozoic.

No abstract

Evaluating the effects of diagenesis on the isotopic compositions of Sr, O, and C in marine carbonates is critical to their use as proxies in reconstructing information on the salinity, temperature and dissolved inorganic carbon of ancient oceans. We have analyzed a series of samples of mollusk shells from the Baculites compressus zone (late Campanian) of the Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Samples included outer shell material and septa of cephalopods collected inside and outside concretions. Preservation was evaluated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), trace element analysis and X-ray diffraction. All of the material consists of aragonite based on X-ray diffraction. An SEM preservation index (PI) was established based on comparison of the microstructure of the fossil material with that of modern Nautilus. Excellent preservation (PI ‫؍‬ 5) was characterized by well-defined nacreous plates with discrete, angular boundaries. In contrast, samples showing fused nacreous plates with indistinct boundaries were rated poor (PI ‫؍‬ 1). 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios vary with preservation and average 0.707648 ؎ .000021 (n ‫؍‬ 10) for excellent preservation (PI Ϸ 5), 0.707615 ؎ .000028 (n ‫؍‬ 5) for good preservation (PI Ϸ 3), 0.707404 ؎ .000074 (n‫)7؍‬ for fair preservation (PI Ϸ 2), and 0.707261 ؎ .000053 (n‫)8؍‬ for poor preservation (PI Ϸ 1). These data suggest that as the quality of the preservation declines, the mean 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio decreases and the standard error of the mean increases. Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of the same specimens also show decreases with preservation, and ␦ 18 O, ␦ 13 C and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr are well correlated, suggesting that these tracers are all altered as the PI decreases. The Sr/Ca ratio increases as preservation decreases, indicating that Sr is added to the shell material during diagenesis. In contrast, Mg/Ca shows no trend with preservation. If the increasing Sr concentration (and decreasing 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) of the shell material with decreasing preservation represents the addition of Sr to the shell during diagenesis, we calculate that the added Sr had 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ranging from 0.707582 to 0.707032. Potential sources of the added Sr include older marine carbonates and weathering of volcanic ash layers present in the shale. The mechanisms of alteration likely include epitaxial growth of strontianite on the original shell aragonite and isotopic exchange of C and O between alteration fluids and shell carbonate. We conclude that SEM preservation criteria are effective in screening shell material that records original isotopic values and that variations in Sr, O and C isotope composition in well-preserved material can be used to assess paleoenvironmental parameters, such as salinity and temperature. Our results also indicate that assessing preservation is a critical prerequisite to the determination of numerical ages of shell material using strontium isotope stratigraphy.

No abstract

No abstract