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A method of investigating mental imagery is presented which shows that movements and imagery of movements are functionally equivalent. Experiment I uses a short-term-motor-memory linear positioning task in which a novel movement interpolated between initial presentation and recall of a criterion movement length can bias recall. It was predicted that if a similar bias occurred when the interpolated novel movement was imagined rather than performed, then imagery of movements had effects on memory which were functionally similar to producing movements. The results showed that imagery for movements did produce a similar bias. I n Experiment I1 a second order interference task was introduced while instructions to imagine movements were carried out. It was predicted that if imagery for movements were based on the visual/perceptual system then a simultaneous visual inspection task should inhibit imagery. If imagery were based on the motor system though, a simultaneous motor task should prohibit imagery. The results showed that a visual task inhibited imagery. The role of visual imagery in movement control is discussed in terms of spatial representations.

The importance of an early and on-going focus on users in interactive system design is widely accepted. However, in practice, involving users poses many problems and requires designers to balance conflicting demands. Various factors can hinder or ease the involvement of users. This paper reports a case study involving the design of a bespoke application and gives a detailed account of the obstacles and facilitators to user involvement encountered during the design activity. The obstacles and facilitators are presented in terms of issues such as contacting and selecting users, motivating users, facilitating and mediating meetings and offering points of focus for user contributions. We report and contrast the views of various stakeholders in the design process, and supplement these with our own observations as non-participant observers. Finally, we discuss issues raised by the study and draw out a number of lessons for the CHI community. Keywords

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