Abstract. Before isogeometric analysis can be applied to solving a partial differential equation posed over some physical domain, one needs to construct a valid parametrization of the geometry. The accuracy of the analysis is affected by the quality of the parametrization. The challenge of computing and maintaining a valid geometry parametrization is particularly relevant in applications of isogemetric analysis to shape optimization, where the geometry varies from one optimization iteration to another. We propose a general framework for handling the geometry parametrization in isogeometric analysis and shape optimization. It utilizes an expensive non-linear method for constructing/updating a high quality reference parametrization, and an inexpensive linear method for maintaining the parametrization in the vicinity of the reference one. We describe several linear and non-linear parametrization methods, which are suitable for our framework. The non-linear methods we consider are based on solving a constrained optimization problem numerically, and are divided into two classes, geometry-oriented methods and analysisoriented methods. Their performance is illustrated through a few numerical examples.

Document Version Isogeometric Shape Optimization in Fluid MechanicsPeter Nørtoft · Jens Gravesen Abstract The subject of this work is numerical shape optimization in fluid mechanics, based on isogeometric analysis. The generic goal is to design the shape of a 2-dimensional flow domain to minimize some prescribed objective while satisfying given geometric constraints. As part of the design problem, the steady-state, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, governing a laminar flow in the domain, must be solved. Based on isogeometric analysis, we use B-splines as the basis for both the design optimization and the flow analysis, thereby unifying the models for geometry and analysis, and, at the same time, facilitating a compact representation of complex geometries and smooth approximations of the flow fields. To drive the shape optimization, we use a gradient-based approach, and to avoid inappropriate parametrizations during optimization, we regularize the optimization problem by adding to the objective function a measure of the quality of the boundary parametrization. A detailed description of the methodology is given, and three different numerical examples are considered, through which we investigate the effects of the regularization, of the number of geometric design variables, and of variations in the analysis resolution, initial design and Reynolds number, and thereby demonstrate the robustness of the methodology.

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Highlights• We model the propagation of sound through a slowly moving fluid in 2D ducts.• B-splines are used to represent the geometry and approximate the flow and sound.• A mode matching formulation is used for acoustic truncation boundary conditions. • High order B-spline representations yield good approximations of acoustic duct modes.• We find a strong sensitivity of sound to flow for a certain geometry and frequency. AbstractWe consider the propagation of sound through a slowly moving fluid in a 2-dimensional duct. A detailed description of a flow-acoustic model of the problem using B-spline based isogeometric analysis is given. The model couples the non-linear, steady-state, incompressible Navier-Stokes equation in the laminar regime for the flow field, to a linear, time-harmonic acoustic equation in the low Mach number regime for the sound signal. B-splines are used both to represent the duct geometry and to approximate the flow and sound fields. This facilitates an exact representation of complex duct geometries, as well as high continuity approximations of state variables. Acoustic boundary conditions on artificial truncation boundaries are treated using a mode matching formulation. We validate the model against known acoustic modes for a uniform flow through a straight duct. Improved error convergence rates are found when the acoustic pressure is approximated by higher order polynomials. Based on the model, we examine how the acoustic signal varies with sound frequency, flow speed and duct geometry. A combination of duct geometry and sound frequency is identified for which the acoustic signal is particularly sensitive to the flow speed. (P. Nørtoft), jgra@dtu.dk (J. Gravesen), morwi@fotonik.dtu.dk (M. Willatzen). 1 Tel.: +45 4525 3031; fax: +45 4588 1399. 2 Tel.: +45 4525 6352; fax: +45 4593 6581. http://dx.