Dedicated to Dr. Konrad Henkel on the occasion of his 70th birthdaySilicon and carbon may be looked upon as the two fundamental antipodes with respect to the naturally occurring forms of matter and life on earth: Silicon plays the key role in the "petrification" of inanimate matter, while carbon is the representative element for the "incarnation'' of living organisms. If a scientist were to search for a highly efficient method of uniting inorganic and organic matter, he would, at a very early stage of attempting to solve this problem, combine these two natural principles of matter and think of "bireactive" molecules containing a silicon functionality for bonding to inorganic material on the one hand and a carbon functionality for anchoring to an organic counterpart on the other. The title compounds and their derivatives epitomize such molecules: they are wanderers between both (chemical) worlds. Owing to their bifunctionality they are capable of binding to inorganic (especially siliceous) systems as well as to organic polymers. Whether their commercial application concerns the strengthening of polyester resins with glass fibers for use in boatbuilding or the incorporation of silica as a filler in rubber mixtures for the manufacture of wear-resistant tires or even the immobilization of enzymes on glass spheres for carrying out reactions in enzyme reactors-in all cases organofunctionalized silanes guarantee a reliable and permanent union between two otherwise "incompatible" material systems.
The article contains sections titled: 1. History 2. Properties 3. Occurrence 3.1. Abundance 3.2. Ores and Their Origin 3.3. Primary Deposits 3.4. Secondary Deposits 3.5. Recovery of Secondary Platinum Group Metals 3.6. Reserves and Resources 4. Mineral Dressing and Beneficiation 4.1. Treatment of Alluvial Platinum Deposits 4.2. Treatment of Primary Deposits 4.3. Treatment of Nickel Ores 4.4. Treatment of Metal Scrap 4.5. Treatment of Dross 4.6. Treatment of Supported Catalysts 4.7. Treatment of Solutions 5. Dissolution Methods 5.1. Dissolution in Aqua Regia 5.2. Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid–Chlorine 5.3. Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid–Bromine 5.4. Other Dissolution Processes 5.5. Dissolution by Salt Fusion 6. Separation of Platinum Group Metals 6.1. Chemistry of Platinum Group Metal Separation 6.2. Older Separation Processes 6.3. Current Separation Processes 6.4. Processes Used in Coarse Separation 6.5. Purification 6.6. Conversion of Salts into Metals 6.7. Partial Purification 6.8. Treatment of Internally Recycled Material 6.9. Construction Materials 7. Platinum Group Metal Compounds 7.1. Inorganic Compounds 7.1.1. Platinum Compounds 7.1.2. Palladium Compounds 7.1.3. Rhodium Compounds 7.1.4. Iridium Compounds 7.1.5. Ruthenium Compounds 7.1.6. Osmium Compounds 7.2. Organic Compounds 8. Alloys 8.1. Alloy Systems 8.2. Special Alloys 8.3. Methods of Treatment 9. Quality Specifications and Analysis 9.1. Quality Specifications 9.2. Qualitative Analysis 9.3. Quantitative Analysis 9.4. Purity Analysis 9.5. Trace Analysis 10. Uses 10.1. Jewelry, Coinage, Investment 10.2. Apparatus 10.3. Heterogeneous Catalysts 10.4. Fuel Cells 10.5. Homogeneous Catalysts 10.6. Automotive Emission Control Catalysts 10.7. Sensors 10.8. Electrical Technology 10.9. Electronics 10.10. Coatings 10.10.1. Coatings Produced by Electrolysis 10.10.2. Coatings Produced by Chemical Reaction 10.10.3. Coatings Produced by Physical Methods 10.11. Dental Materials 11. Economic Aspects 11.1. Supply 11.2. Demand 11.3. Prices 11.4. Commercial Aspects 12. Toxicology
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.