This study examines the origins of the present-day French Plan comptable giniral, the first national accounting code in the world to be adopted under normal peacetime conditions. Its origins occurred during the Second World War when the Vichy Government appointed a commission to develop and implement a national accounting code. The intention was that the code be made obligatory for all enterprises and the commission would advise on adaptations of the code to meet the needs of particular industries.
This paper presents a comparative study of respective positions of the British and French public accounting professions on whether independence of the statutory auditor is at material risk of compromise from supply of nonaudit services by audit firms to audit clients. For the purpose of the study, attention was confined to regulatory texts and professional audit standards in both countries. It examines historical factors in the development of public accounting and auditing in Britain and France that have led to an accommodating attitude towards joint supply of audit and nonaudit services in the former and a less accommodating and more highly regulated stance in the latter. As a basis for interpreting the significance of these different national positions, the issue of joint supply is considered in an agency theory framework, in terms of relative advantages and disadvantages from joint supply of audit and nonaudit services to audit firms, management in place and external parties, notably shareholders. In practice, the issue turns largely on professional and regulatory specification of audit firm activities deemed incompatible with audit independence and on regulatory mechanisms for monitoring compliance in the matter. Although the French position is less accommodating, it is noted that major firms in France have adopted legal and organizational structures to deal with regulatory constraints and to protect their functioning as multi-service firms. At the same time, French regulatory authorities have hesitated to impose strong constraints on major firms, with the result that actual operation of the French audit market may not be as different from the British as it might at first appear.
La normalisarion comptable française fait figure d'exception dans le monde ; notamment si on la compare à la normalisation anglo-saxonne (Naciri, 1986 ; Scheid et Standish, 1989). Son appareil institutionnel, jusqu ici étroitement contrôlé par l'État, et son support principal, le Plan comptable général (PCG), riont guère d'équivalents dans d'autres pays, si ce riest dans ceux qui furent autrefois des satellites de la France'. Ceci donne une signification particulière à un décret pris en 1996 er à une loi votée en 1998 qui, ensemble, réforment profondément le dispositif institutionnel français et annoncent sans doute des changements importants dans les orientations et la démarche du travail de normalisation. Le décret n" 96-749 du 26 août 1996, cosigné par le Premier ministre,le ministre de l'Économie et des Finances et le garde des Sceaux-ministre de la Justice, a redéfini le rôle, la composition et le fonctionnement du Conseil national de la comptabilité (CNC), I'organisme frangis de normalisation, et a créé en son sein, ce qui n existait pas auparavant' un comité d'urgence. lae CNC resre comme par le passé un organisme consultati{, placé auprès du ministre chargé de l'Économie, mais sa mission concerne désormais explicitement I'ensemble des secteurs économiques, y compris les secteurs bancaire et des assurances. Son effectif passe de 103 à 58 membres et, en même temps, nous y reviendrons, sa composition change. Par ailleurs, son président voit son statut renforcé (article 4 du décret) : il est nommé pour une durée de six ans renouvelable ; ses fonctions sont rémunérées et exclusives de toute autre activité professionnelle, publique ou privée, rémunérée ou non, à I'exception d'activités d'enseignement ou de fonctions exercées au sein d'organismes internadonaux. Le comité d'urgence créé au sein du CNC est composé (article 6 du décret) de son pr&ident, de ses six vice-présidents, du représentant du garde des Sceaux-ministre de la Justice, d'un représentant du ministre chargé de l'Économie, d'un représentant du ministre chargé du Budget et du représenrant de la Commission des opérations de Bourse. Ce comité est saisi par son président ou par le
This article evaluates national capacity for direct participation in international accounting harmonization through its principal current formal institutional forum, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), with France as a test case. The objective is to derive propositions by which individual nation states, their indigenous accounting professions and other significant elements of their institutional framework might: (a) evaluate their present national capacity to contribute to international accounting harmonization; and (b) address policy issues relevant to development and deployment of capacity for effective engagement. The objective of the framework of analysis employed is to infer essential or desirable attributes for direct participation in international accounting harmonization by reference to the observed attributes of the initial IASB appointments. The likelihood and sustainability of direct French participation in the process is then assessed in relation to those attributes.
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