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Visna is a slow degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of sheep caused by a nontumorigenic retrovirus. During the course of this disease, visna virus establishes a persistent infection of the CNS, lung and haematopoietic system, despite a specific humoral and cellular immune response. We have studied visna virus life cycle at the single-cell level in choroid plexus of experimentally infected animals, using a very sensitive and quantitative in situ hybridization assay. We report here that although proviral DNA is synthesized in significant amounts, its expression is blocked at the transcriptional level. This restriction of proviral DNA transcription offers an explanation for the slowness of the disease and the persistence of the infection.