Obesity and edentulism are both associated with multiple systemic disorders with an inflammatory background including periodontal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the different impact of obesity on inflammation in dentate and toothless subjects. The data came from the population‐based, cross‐sectional study SHIP (Study of Health in Pomerania). We determined anthropometric measures including BMI, waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), diagnostic periodontal parameters, and systemic metabolites. It was shown that measures of systemic markers of inflammation and lipid or glucose metabolism (P < 0.001) were increased with higher WHR. When adjusted for age, sex, smoking, diabetes, education, physical activity, and last dentist's appointment, C‐reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and leukocyte count were significantly related to WHR increasing from the first to the fourth WHR quartile (P < 0.001) as well as to the BMI. In both dentate and edentulous subjects higher WHR contributes significantly to increasing systemic CRP and fibrinogen with sex differences. In toothless subjects, while still dependent on increasing WHR, the inflammatory markers CRP and fibrinogen were higher than in dentate subjects, thereby revealing effect modification between sex and edentulism (P < 0.010). In conclusion, subjects with total tooth loss, although devoid of periodontal inflammation, may exhibit increased levels of systemic inflammatory mediators. Possible implications are discussed with respect to obesity and its relationship to inflammation.
For intelligent robots in a multi‐agent system communication is essential for cooperative behavior. Here we describe the explicit communication between individual robots acting as team members of a RoboCup team playing soccer. The robots are based on the EyeBot platform. An overview of communication systems being published and a discussion of their advantages and drawbacks is followed by an introduction into multi‐agent systems and the problems we faced applying them to the task of playing soccer. Then we describe the wireless communication network in detail including the EyeBot platform, message structures, self‐configuration and error recovery. The communication allows transmission of messages between individuals, broadcasts and communication with a remote computer workstation. The communication system is a layer beneath the multi‐robot console, which is the user interface, and above the EyeBot hardware.
Abstract. When timetabling experts are faced with a new timetabling problem, they usually develop a very specialised and optimised solution for this new underlying problem. One disadvantage of this strategy is that even slight changes of the problem description often cause a complete redesign of data structures and algorithms. Furthermore, other timetabling problems cannot be fit to the data structures provided. To avoid this, we have developed a standardised framework which can describe arbitrary timetabling problems such as university timetabling, examination timetabling, school timetabling, sports timetabling or employee timetabling. Thus, a general timetabling language has been developed which enables the definition of resources, events and constraints. Furthermore, we provide a way to apply standard problem solving methods such as branch-and-bound or genetic algorithms to timetabling problems defined by means of the general timetabling language. These algorithms can be improved by problem-specific user-defined hybrid operators. In this paper we present a generalised view on timetabling problems from which we derive our timetabling framework. The framework implementation and its application possibilities are shown with some concrete examples. The paper concludes with some preliminary results and an outlook.
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