Facial expression is a key aspect in observational scales developed to improve pain assessment in individuals with cognitive impairments. Although these scales are used internationally in individuals with different types of cognitive impairments, it is not known whether observing facial expressions of pain might differ between regions or between different types of cognitive impairments. In a pilot study, facial responses to standardized experimental pressure pain were assessed among individuals with different types of cognitive impairments (dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Huntington’s disease, and intellectual disability) from different countries (Denmark, Germany, Italy, Israel, and Spain) and were analyzed using facial descriptors from the PAIC scale (Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition). We found high inter-rater reliability between observers from different countries. Moreover, facial responses to pain did not differ between individuals with dementia from different countries (Denmark, Germany, and Spain). However, the type of cognitive impairment had a significant impact; with individuals with intellectual disability (all being from Israel) showing the strongest facial responses. Our pilot data suggest that the country of origin does not strongly affect how pain is facially expressed or how facial responses are being scored. However, the type of cognitive impairment showed a clear effect in our pilot study, with elevated facial responses in individuals with intellectual disability.
Cognitieve stoornissen kunnen de beleving van pijn veranderen en de diagnostiek en behandeling bemoeilijken. In deze review wordt vanuit een interdisciplinair perspectief de epidemiologie van pijn bij cognitieve stoornissen en de stand van zaken besproken, en samengevat waar de kennishiaten nog liggen. Dit wordt gedaan vanuit vier domeinen, namelijk 1) biologie en neuropathologie, 2) beoordeling en assessment, 3) behandeling en management, en 4) contextuele factoren zoals organisatie en opleiding. De kennishiaten bij deze 4 domeinen zijn: 1) (Biologie): Hoe verandert de pijnervaring en de uiting van pijn bij de verschillende vormen van cognitieve stoornissen? Wat zijn de oorzaak en de gevolgen van pijn in deze groepen? 2) (Assessment): Hoe herkennen, beoordelen en meten we pijn goed, als zelfrapportage niet betrouwbaar is? 3) (Behandeling): Welke behandelingen voor pijn zijn effectief? Hoe kun je die goed interdisciplinair uitvoeren? Hoe zorgen we voor goede implementatie van pijn meten en pijnbehandeling? Vooral ook van niet-farmacologisch behandelen, hoe kunnen we observaties tussen verschillende disciplines, of tussen familie en zorgverleners, beter communiceren zodat herkenning van pijn, en monitoring/evaluatie van behandeling wordt verbeterd? 4) (Contextueel): Wat kunnen we in het onderwijs doen om meer begrip, kennis en vaardigheden op dit gebied te ontwikkelen?
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