This paper documents a study performed to develop a level-of-service (LOS) model that accurately represents pedestrians’ perceptions of crossings at signalized intersections. This model incorporates perceived safety and comfort (i.e., perceived exposure and conflicts) and operations (i.e., delay and signalization). Data for the model were obtained from an innovative Walk for Science field data collection event and video simulations. The data consist of ( a) participants’ perceptions of safety, comfort, and operations as they walk through selected signalized intersections and ( b) the design and operational characteristics of these intersections. The resulting model provides a measure of the pedestrian's perspective on how well an intersection's geometric and operational characteristics meets his or her needs. The pedestrian LOS model for intersections described in this paper is based on Pearson correlation analyses and stepwise regression modeling of approximately 800 combined real-time perceptions (observations) from pedestrians walking a course through signalized intersections in a typical U.S. metropolitan area. The resulting general model for the pedestrian LOS at intersections is highly reliable, has a high correlation coefficient ( R2 = .73) with the average observations, and is transferable to the majority of metropolitan areas in the United States. Primary factors in the pedestrian LOS model for intersections include right-turn-on-red volumes for the street being crossed, permissive left turns from the street parallel to the crosswalk motor vehicle volume on the street being crossed, midblock 85th percentile speed of the vehicles on the street being crossed, number of lanes being crossed, pedestrian's delay, and presence or absence of right-turn channelization islands.

This paper documents a study sponsored by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) to create a model that predicts how bicyclists perceive the arterial roadway environment. It builds on the highly successful adopted segment and intersection bicycling level of service (LOS) models. Data for the new bicycle LOS for arterials model were obtained from FDOT's innovative Ride for Science field data collection event and video simulations. The data consisted of participants' perceptions of how well roadways met their needs as they rode selected arterial roadways or viewed simulations of those and other roadways. The bicycle LOS for arterials model is based on Pearson correlation analyses, stepwise regression, and PROBIT modeling of approximately 700 combined realtime perceptions (observations) from bicyclists riding a course along arterial roadways. An additional 700 combined perceptions obtained from the participants viewing a video simulation (discussed in another paper) were used to refine the model for arterial roadways. The study participants represented a cross section of individuals by age, gender, riding experience, and residency. The bicycle LOS for arterials model provides a measure of the bicyclist's perspective on how well an arterial roadway's geometric and operational characteristics meets his or her needs. Although further hypothesis testing may be conducted in a future study, this model is highly reliable, has a high correlation coefficient (if2 = .74) with the average observations, and is transferable to the vast majority of metropolitan areas in the United States.

This paper documents a study sponsored by the Florida Department of Transportation to develop a level-of-service (LOS) model that represents pedestrians’ perceptions of how well urban arterials with sidewalks (a combination of roadway segments and intersections) meet their needs. The model incorporates traffic volumes on the adjacent roadway and exposure (i.e., crossing widths) at conflict points with intersections and driveways. Data were obtained from Walk for Science, an innovative field data collection event, and consist of participants’ perceptions of how well urban arterials with sidewalks meet their needs as pedestrians. The pedestrian LOS model for roadway facilities described here is based on Pearson correlation analyses and stepwise regression modeling of about 500 combined real-time perceptions (observations) from pedestrians walking a course along streets in a typical U.S. metropolitan urban area. Study participants represented a cross section of age, gender, walking experience, and residency. Although further hypothesis testing may be conducted in a future study, the resulting general model for the pedestrian LOS of urban arterials with sidewalks has a high correlation coefficient ( R2 = .70) with the average observations and is transferable to a significant number of metropolitan areas in the United States. The study reveals that traffic volumes on the adjacent roadway and the density of conflict points along the facility are the primary factors in the LOS model for pedestrians traveling along urban arterials with sidewalks.

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