Let me describe an analogy which may not hold in the strictest sense yet will serve to illustrate my point of view. A river, flowing toward the sea, carries energy with it. The speed with which this energy can move from one point to another is the velocity of the river's current. The river produces a force on a boat tied up to a pier on the river. When the boat is set adrift, this force accelerates the boat. However, the maximum velocity to which the river can accelerate the boat is the current velocity; this is the velocity with which the energy of the river can propagate. From this point of view the speed of light, being the propagation velocity of electromagnetic energy must be the limiting velocity associated with electromagnetic forces. Certainly nature would be much simpler if all forces have the same limiting velocity. Yet v.'ithout some experimental evidence of the propagation of gravitational energy, I find it difficult to feel comfortable with Einstein's modification of Newton's law justified by electromagnetic experimental evidence and arguments of simplicity. The fundamental philosophical viewpoint that the force depends upon velocity and vanishes as the velocity approaches the limiting velocity raises another question concerning Einstein's modification of classical mechanics. Under Einstein's modification Hamilton's principle is written with a relativistic mass which depends upon the velocity and a velocity independent force. Does this represent a different philosophy or are both views equivalent? More specifically, are the "real" concepts to be taken as a mass independent of velocity together with a velocity dependent force or should we associate the velocity dependent relativistic mass and velocity independent forces with "real" world? Or does it make any difference which we chose? At this point I faced the first major decision. If I adopted Einstein's postulates, then it appeared that I would be required to change my intuitive beliefs concerning certain physical phenomena. I found this extremely difficult to do. On the other hand, if I did not embrace these postulates, I would have to replace them with something that would say essentially the same thing in all cases where the Special Theory of Relativity has been found to be very accurate. Not only this but if a new point of view were adopted, then virtually the entire sphere of physics may need to be reviewed in order to ensure that the new point of view did not conflict with currently used theories. This seemed an imposing, if not impossible task, particularly since my educational experience was in electrical engineering rather than physics. 3o 3a 3a Now suppose that in a process there is a transfer of energy dE between the composite system and an external reservoir with energies dl? and di? being transferred, respectively, to the first and second systems, then dE = cfjF + dE and A da = A da + A da , c c or da = ^ da + ^ da. (4) c A c A c Comparing Eqs. (3) and (4) for da c then 9a c Therefore a does not depend on q, but only on a and a. That is...

Abstract:It is shown that the classical laws of thermodynamics require that mechanical systems must exhibit energy that becomes unavailable to do useful work. In thermodynamics, this type of energy is called entropy. It is further shown that these laws require two metrical manifolds, equations of motion, field equations, and Weyl's quantum principles. Weyl's quantum principle requires quantization of the electrostatic potential of a particle and that this potential be non-singular. The interactions of particles through these non-singular electrostatic potentials are analyzed in the low velocity limit and in the relativistic limit. It is shown that writing the two particle interactions for unlike particles allows an examination in two limiting cases: large and small separations. These limits are shown to have the limiting motions of: all motions are ABOUT the center of mass or all motion is OF the center of mass. The first limit leads to the standard Dirac equation. The second limit is shown to have equations of which the electroweak theory is a subset.An extension of the gauge principle into a five-dimensional manifold, then restricting the generality of the five-dimensional manifold by using the conservation principle, shows that the four-dimensional hypersurface that is embedded within the 5-D manifold is required to obey Einstein's field equations. The 5-D gravitational quantum equations of the solar system are presented.

It is shown that the laws of thermodynamics require the Einstein postulate on the constancy of the speed of light.

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