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A large Research and Development programme has been executed by National Grid to determine the feasibility of transporting carbon dioxide (CO2) by pipeline. Such pipelines would be required to form a transportation system to take the CO2 from its place of capture at an emitter’s site to a place of safe storage within a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) scheme. This programme received financial support from the European Union. As part of this programme, National Grid commissioned a series of experimental studies to investigate the behaviour of releases of CO2 mixtures in the gaseous and the liquid (or dense) phase. This has included simulating accidental releases in the form of punctures or ruptures of a buried pipeline and deliberate releases through different venting arrangements. This work is required, as CO2 has the potential to cause some harm to people if they are exposed to it for long enough at high concentrations. This paper gives an overview of the findings from this work and shows how the data has been used to help develop a number of the more pragmatic, predictive models for outflow and dispersion. This work complements the more theoretical studies carried out using state of the art advanced computational fluid dynamic models, employed by other UK based participants (University College London, University of Leeds, Kingston University and the University of Warwick) in the research programme.

This paper describes two indoor shelter modelsan analytical model and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model-that can be used to predict the level of infiltration of carbon dioxide (CO2) into a building following a release from an onshore CO2 pipeline. The motivation behind the development of these models was to demonstrate that the effects of shelter should be considered as part of a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for CO2 pipeline infrastructure and to provide a methodology for considering the impact of a CO2 release on building occupants.A key component in the consequence modelling of a release from a CO2 pipeline is an infiltration model for CO2 into buildings which can describe the impact on people inside buildings during a release event. This paper describes the development of an analytical shelter model and a CFD model which are capable of predicting the change in internal concentration, temperature and toxic load within a single roomed building that is totally engulfed by a transient cloud of gaseous CO2. Application of the models is demonstrated by comparison with experimental measurements of CO2 accumulation in a building placed in the path of a drifting cloud of CO2. The analytical and CFD models are shown to make good predictions of the average change in internal concentration. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the effects of shelter should be taken into account when conducting QRA assessments on CO2 pipelines.

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This article explores two major themes from a structure-agency perspective. First it focuses centrally on how access to the labour market has been influenced by divisions and identities, which it seeks to examine concretely through the case study of Coventry, a city that has undergone a rapid change from a manufacturing to a post-industrial city in the last two decades. Initially the remit of the Warwick University Sequal research team was to focus on class and gender, but given the multicultural character of the city we added "race" and ethnicity, and in practice could not ignore the messages in relation to age, health and disability that were coming through our research. Rather than seek to resolve long standing debates about how class, gender, race, age, etc. relate together and which are most significant, we have simply (1) emphasized the role of class relations because there are now in danger of being overlooked, (2) taken an integrated and holistic approach by adopting biographical methods which show how these play out in the lives of real people. Hopefully, this enables to follow C. Wright Mills (1959) and link "biography and history overall", at least at the level of the city, the major influences examined over time are structural in their effects.