We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of externally-fed, batch-microfabricated electrospray emitter arrays with integrated extractor grid and carbon nanotube flow control structures for lowvoltage and high-throughput electrospray of the ionic liquid EMI-BF 4 in vacuum. The conformal carbon nanotube forest on the emitters provides a highly effective wicking structure to transport liquid up the emitter surface to the emission site at the tips. Arrays containing as many as 81 emitters in 1 cm 2 were tested and emission currents as high as 5 μA per emitter in both polarities were measured, with a start-up bias voltage as low as 520 V. Imprints formed on the collector electrode and per-emitter IV characteristics showed excellent emission uniformity.

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of planar arrays of externally-fed silicon electrospinning emitters for high-throughput generation of polymer nanofibers. Arrays with as many as 225 emitters and with emitter density as large as 100 emitters cm(-2) were characterized using a solution of dissolved PEO in water and ethanol. Devices with emitter density as high as 25 emitters cm(-2) deposit uniform imprints comprising fibers with diameters on the order of a few hundred nanometers. Mass flux rates as high as 417 g hr(-1) m(-2) were measured, i.e., four times the reported production rate of the leading commercial free-surface electrospinning sources. Throughput increases with increasing array size at constant emitter density, suggesting the design can be scaled up with no loss of productivity. Devices with emitter density equal to 100 emitters cm(-2) fail to generate fibers but uniformly generate electrosprayed droplets. For the arrays tested, the largest measured mass flux resulted from arrays with larger emitter separation operating at larger bias voltages, indicating the strong influence of electrical field enhancement on the performance of the devices. Incorporation of a ground electrode surrounding the array tips helps equalize the emitter field enhancement across the array as well as control the spread of the imprints over larger distances.

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