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OECD countries recognized in the mid-1990s that transport trends were not sustainable and that existing policy frameworks seemed unlikely to be able to move society towards more sustainable transport systems. A new approach to transport policy was required that would be consistent with the broad definition of sustainable development. To this end, the project on Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) was initiated to give some precision to the concept of EST through the use of criteria that have environmental significance and can be quantified. A method known as 'backcasting' was used to develop policies and strategies for achieving a desired future state through targeted action. This paper summarizes the results of the project, which involved twelve OECD countries that undertook case studies at local, regional, national and international scales. The project concluded that some 40 per cent of the effort necessary to meet the EST criteria will come from technology and 60 per cent from demand-side management and a shift towards more sustainable transport modes. EST is attainable, but only if a broad range of Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) instruments is deployed. These include regulations and standards, fiscal measures, changes in governance arrangements, and education, the provision of information, awareness raising, and attitude change, all assembled into coherent packages of instruments applied with careful consideration to phasing.

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The OECD Green Growth Strategy, launched in May 2011, provides concrete recommendations and measurement tools to support countries' efforts to achieve economic growth and development, while at the same time ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the ecosystem services on which our well-being relies. The strategy proposes a flexible policy framework that can be tailored to different country circumstances and stages of development. OECD Green Growth Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). OECD Green Growth Papers aim to describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on specific topics and obtain feedback from interested audiences. They complement the OECD Green Growth Studies series, which aims to provide in-depth reviews of the green growth issues faced by different sectors.