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that federal funding for other aspects of state welfare poUcy developed in a manner that would more than offset the public assistance formulas. Disaggregation may help us come to an understanding of why riots are independently related to increases in welfare spending from federal funds but not to increased spending from state funds. NOTES 1. Acadonic dispute is reflected in the sharp exchange between Abraham Miller, et al., and J. ABSTRACTIn an earlier paper I established that Latin American executives both civilian and military, manipulate aggregate public e3q>enditures so as to maximize their chsmces of retaining office. This paper carries the analysis further by elaborating five probable strategies, each consequent to the socio-political conditions executives face, auid links strategies to tradeoffs in various programs' shares of the budget at crucial periods.

£31 353.66. This is the sum earned for the practice by the trainee.On most days the trainee had a midmorning break, when he drank a cup of coffee provided by the practice. The trainee drank about 210 cups of coffee in one year.A 300 g jar of coffee makes 165 cups at a cost of £3.85; 210 cups of coffee will have cost £4.89. The trainee added 25 ml of milk to each cup, a total of 9-2 pints of milk over the year at a cost of £3.33. The total cost of the trainee to the practice was £8.22.The net financial benefit to the practice ofthe trainee was £31 345.44. DiscussionThis study shows that trainees are a considerable financial benefit to a practice: "worth their weight in gold," you might say. My trainer has often commented on my gold-like qualities (the Oxford English Dictionary defines gold as a dense, inert element that is easily malleable and of little practical value).It may be argued that trainees do work that would otherwise be done by the partners, so there are no financial benefits apart from the trainer's fee. The benefit therefore is of a decreased workload. A diagnosis of colovesical fistula was made. A barium enema showed partial obstruction of the sigmoid colon with a soft tissue mass in the pelvis reported to suggest carcinoma rather than diverticular disease, but computed tomography clearly showed a fistula between the sigmoid colon and the bladder, which suggested that the cause was diverticular disease and not tumour. An intravenous urogram showed normal results, and diagnostic urethrocystoscopy showed gross generalised cystitis with faecal debris emerging through a defect in the posterior bladder wall.Laparotomy confirmed a large diverticular mass adherent to the bladder and the pelvic wall. A one stage sigmoid colectomy with stapled anastomosis was performed and a 1-5 cm bladder defect closed with interrupted Vicryl. An omental graft was interposed between the bladder and colon, where it was sutured to prevent dislodgement. The patient made an uneventful recovery, was discharged home after eight days, and has remained free of symptoms. Histology confirmed diverticular disease only. CommentEnterovesical fistulas are uncommon, accounting for approximately one in 3000 admissions to hospital. Colovesical fistulas make up most of these. The diagnosis is essentially a clinical one, dependent on eliciting the classic history of pneumaturia or of faecaluria, which occur in 67% and 45% of patients respectively.' Culture of the urine in such patients usually results in either a pure growth or a mixed growth ofbowel organisms. More specific urine tests to confirm the presence of a fistula include the oral administration of charcoal followed by its detection in the urine, with a success rate of 50-100%; the Bourne test, in which the urine is subjected to x rays after barium enema to detect the presence of barium in the urine; and simple microscopy to detect cellulose fibres. Culture of the urine in sterile potting medium, however, has not been described previously.Traditionally, confirmation of the diagnosis...

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