Access to sufficient clean water is important for reducing the risks from COVID-19. It is unclear, however, what influence COVID-19 has had on water insecurities. The objective of this study was to assess the associations between COVID-19 control measures and household water insecurities. A survey of 1559 individuals living in vulnerable communities in five countries (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) showed that increased needs for clean water to wash hands or facemasks made it more likely a person was water insecure along those dimensions. Water insecurities with respect to handwashing and drinking, in turn, made adoption of the corresponding good practices less likely, whereas in the case of washing facemasks there was no association. Water system infrastructure, environmental conditions such as floods and droughts, as well as gender norms and knowledge, were also important for water insecurities and the adoption of good practices. As domestic water insecurities and COVID-19 control measures are associated with each other, efforts should therefore be directed at identifying and assisting the water insecure at high risk when COVID-19 reaches their communities.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of safe access to sufficient clean water in vulnerable communities, renewing interest in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs and related targets under Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). The purpose of this study was to better understand the obstacles to water access in vulnerable communities and identify ways they might be addressed in five countries in the Mekong Region (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam). To this end, qualitative interviews with 50 government officials and development or health experts were complimented with a quantitative survey of the experiences and views of individuals in 15 vulnerable communities. There were several key findings. First, difficulties in accessing sufficient clean water for drinking and hygiene persist in certain vulnerable communities, including informal urban settlements, remote minority villages, and migrant worker camps. Second, limited rights, high prices, and remote locations were common obstacles to household access to improved water sources. Third, seasonal differences in the availability of clean water, alongside other disruptions to supply such as restrictions on movement in COVID-19 responses, drove households towards lower quality sources. Fourth, there are multiple threats to water quality from source to consumption that should be addressed by monitoring, treatment, and watershed protection. Fifth, stakeholder groups differ from each other and residents of vulnerable communities regarding the significance of water access, supply and quality difficulties, and how they should be addressed. The paper ends with a set of program suggestions addressing these water-related difficulties.

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is excellent process to reuse the wastes from human activities or residual waste becomes renewable energy and also cut off the wastes volumes prior to transporting to landfill, it is an apart of supporting climate change mitigation due to waste generation and green house affect. This study is to focus on: 1. study on ratio of the waste material component to produce the RDF and, 2. testing and find out the RDF properties and calorific value of each material component. Therefore, according to the experiments found that, the mixtures of the plastics and dry leaves, plastics and papers, papers and dry leaves and plastics, papers and dry leaves indicated the calorific value are 14.91( ), 14.11( ), 15.02( ), 14.91( ) and 15.39 ( ), respectively.

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Groundwater modeling has become a popular approach and common of conducting groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation. Consequently, in order to understand the behavior of groundwater flow, this study has established and developed conceptual model of groundwater at Phukham Copper - Gold operations mining. In addition, this study is applied Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) 6.5 software and using MOFLOW Package which employs advanced mathematics as Finite Difference Method (FDM). Steady Flow model is set up and calibrated within target ± 2 meters; then the model is run in MOFLOW in order to obtain acceptable observed and simulated hydraulic head by adjusting hydraulic conductivities and recharge values. Recharge rate is adjusted between 2% to 12% from annual rainfall 0.00475 m/d and it is found out to be 7.22 % or 0.00034 m/d. Model has come up with reasonable finding. Hence, root mean square error of steady state: layer1, 2, 3 and 4 are 1.840 m, 1.767 m, 1.963 m and 0.574 m, respectively. The coefficient of determination of steady state for layer1, 2, 3 and 4 are 0.965, 0.96, 0.959 and 0.985, respectively.