Expansion of global industrial forest plantations, i.e. intensively managed productive plantations is evident due to the prevailing demand and supply drivers. Forest plantations alone will not be sufficient for meeting the growing industrial roundwood demand. Natural and semi-natural forests in boreal and temperate zones will maintain their important role as the raw material source. The supply from these forests, however, is not likely to increase from the current level due to the constraints related to logistics, profitability and ownership structure. Moreover, sustainable management of tropical natural forests will not result in any increase of roundwood supply. Therefore, developing the global industrial forest plantations sustainably will be crucial to meeting increasing wood demand in the long term. Sustainable development of plantations is likely to face a number of economic, environmental and social challenges, and requires strong measures from the key stakeholders such as governments, strategic and financial investors.Vision des plantations: potentiels, défis, et options de politiques pour le développement de la plantation industrielle globale des forêts S.K. BARUA, P. LEHTONEN et T. PAHKASALO La croissance des plantations industrielles globales de forêts, c.a.d. des plantations de production gerées intensivement, est évidente du fait des pressions de l'offre et de la demande. Les plantations forestières seules ne vont pas être suffisantes pour faire face à la demande industrielle croissante de bois rond. Les forêts naturelles et semi-naturelles dans les zones tempérées et boréales vont maintenir leur rôle important de source principale du matériel brut. Cependant, la production de ces forêts ne va probablement pas augmenter du fait des contraintes liées à la logistique, au profit et às la structure des propriétés. De plus, la gestion durable des forêts naturelles tropicales ne va pas résulter en un accroissement de la production de bois rond. Par conséquent, le développement durable des plantations industrielles forestières va être crucial pour pourvoir à long terme à la demande croissante de bois. Le développement durable des plantations va très probablement faire face à un nombre de défis économiques, environnementaux et sociaux, et nécessite que des mesures fermes soient prise par les principales parties prenantes tels que les gouvernements et les investisseurs financiers stratégiques.Una visión sobre plantaciones: potencial, retos y opciones de políticas públicas para el desarrollo global de plantaciones forestales con las que abastecer la industria S.K. BARUA, P. LEHTONEN y T. PAHKASALO La expansión global de las plantaciones forestales para abastecer la industria, es decir, de las plantaciones productivas bajo un manejo intensivo, es evidente si atendemos a los aspectos preponderantes que impulsan la oferta y la demanda. Las plantaciones forestales no serán suficientes, por sí solas, para satisfacer la creciente demanda de madera en rollo de uso industrial. Los bosques naturales y semi-naturales de...
The European Commission launched the "Smart Borders" policy process in 2011 to enhance border security in the European Union (EU) using technologisation and harmonisation. This includes the use of automated border control (ABC) systems. The Member States crucially shape the process, weighing security technologies and costs, privacy and rights, and further institutional choices. We examine the views of political stakeholders in four Member States by conducting a systematic empirical and comparative study unprecedented in the existing, political-theory-inspired research. In our Q methodological experiments, political stakeholders in Finland, Romania, Spain and the UK rank-ordered a sample of statements on Smart Borders, ABC and harmonisation. The factor analysis of the results yielded three main views: the first criticising ABC as a security technology, the second welcoming the security gains of automation and the third opposing harmonised border control. While impeding harmonisation, the results offer a consensus facilitating common policy. ARTICLE HISTORY
The Nordic countries pursue ambitious energy transition goals through national energy policies and in the framework of Nordic cooperation. We propose that the transition is realistic only if it involves the public, private, and nongovernmental organization sectors as regulators, innovators, and advocates of relevant policies and solutions representing the multitude of interests involved. We examine these interests through Q methodological experiments, where 43 expert stakeholders' rank-order statements concerning their preferred policy measures vis-à-vis the electric energy system. Factor analysis of these subjectively held views produces three distinct views. The first two enjoy strong inter-Nordic support. The first view prioritizes market and grid development, and the second view prioritizes electric transport, and solar and wind power. The third, "Finnish" view seeks to enhance security of supply, also via microgrids, and prioritizes biofuels over electric transport. Examining the common ground among the three views, we find that enhanced cooperation requires reinforced stakeholder interaction and policy coordination. Views of Nordic Stakeholders ¿Cómo lograr un sistema de energía más eficiente en el uso de recursos y de clima neutral para el año 2030? Opiniones de los interesados nórdicos:Los países nórdicos tienen ambiciosos objetivos de transición energética a través de políticas energéticas nacionales y en el marco de la cooperación nórdica. Proponemos que la transición será realista solo si involucra a los sectores público, privado y de las ONG co mo reguladores, innovadores y defensores de políticas y soluciones relevantes que representan la multitud de intereses involucrados. Examinamos estos intereses a través de experimentos de metodología Q, donde 43 partes interesadas expertas clasifican las declaraciones de orden con respecto a sus medidas de política preferidas en lo que tiene que ver con el sistema de energía eléctrica. El análisis factorial de estas vistas sostenidas subjetivamente produce tres vistas distintas. Las dos primeras gozan de un fuerte apoyo inter-nórdico. La primera vista prioriza el desarrollo del mercado y la red, y la segunda, el transporte eléctrico, y la energía solar y eólica. La tercera, la vista 'finlandesa' busca mejorar la seguridad del suministro, también a través de microrredes, y prioriza los biocombustibles sobre el transporte eléctrico. Al examinar el terreno común entre los puntos de vista, encontramos que una mayor cooperación requiere una interacción reforzada de los interesados y la coordinación de políticas. PALABRAS CLAVE: Palabras Clave: energía, cambio climático, países desarrollados, medio ambiente About the AuthorsSarah Kilpeläinen is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Management and Business at Tampere University, Finland. She works on energy policy and sustainable energy transitions.Pasi Toivanen is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Management and Business at Tampere University, Finland. He works on energy policy and sustainable development.Pinja Leh...
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