Introduction: Cardiac arrest is one of the most common causes of mortality in Iran. The reaction of the first persons who deal with such patients in the first minutes of incidence is of great importance in the prognosis of the disease as well as death or survival of the patient.Objective: the current study aimed at examining the effect of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation training by the presentation method on soldiers' performance. Materials and Methods:In the current experimental study conducted in 2017, two military units were randomly selected. A total of 28 soldiers were randomly selected from each unit and allocated into the intervention and control groups. A pre-test was conducted on both groups in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the researcher-made performance checklist. Then, the intervention group was trained by the researcher using presentation method and the control group received the previously employed educations. After 1 week, the post-test was performed on both groups.Finally, the data were analyzed using Fisher statistical exact test, t test, and paired t test with SPSS version16.Results: There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of demographic characteristics (P>0.05).The mean performance score before and after the intervention were 2.56 ± 1.68 and 2.08 ± 1.70 in the intervention group (P>0.05), while 20.16 ± 2.17 and 1.48 ± 2.16 in the control group, respectively. Independent t test showed a significant difference between the groups in terms of the post-test scores (P<0.001). Paired t test showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the intervention group (P<0.001), but the difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the control group was insignificant (P<0.05). Discussion and Conclusion:The results showed the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the intervention group. Consequently, due to the remarkable effect of such trainings on soldiers by the presentation method, it is recommended to hold basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation training workshops by the same method for the army task force in order to improve their performance.

Introduction: Since nursing is recognized as a stressful job, stresses caused by stressors in this profession can lead to diseases and disorders that seriously endanger the health of nurses. This study aims to help reduce nurses' job stress by using SIT (Stress Inoculation Training), one of the methods for stress reduction and management. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Stress InoculationTraining on nurses' job stress. Materials and Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental done on two groups (intervention and control group) with pretest and posttest intervention. The sample of the study consisted of 50 nurses working in two hospitals of 550 Army and Najai Hospital of Mashhad who met the inclusion criteria selected through random sampling. The tools used in the present study included Taft and Anderson (1981) Job Stress Questionnaire (version 57) of French et al. (2000) questionnaire to measure stress. In this study, five 2-hour training sessions were performed using SPSS 16 for data analysis. (P<0.05) Results:The level of initial stress in nurses was at a moderate level before the intervention and both groups were homogeneous (P=0.063). After stress inoculation training, the stress level of nurses in the intervention group decreased from 76% to 60% but statistically, the difference between the two groups was not significant and P <0.05 was considered a significant level. Discussion and Conclusion:The results of the present study are not consistent with those of studies on occupational stress because they were conducted based on specific discipline prevailing in military hospitals.

Introduction: In the education of medical sciences-e g, nursing, the main goal is to train students who can make the best decisions with high thinking skills (critical thinking), integrating information, and using sound clinical reasoning while relying on evidence.Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of teaching clinical reasoning on the critical thinking skill of undergraduate nursing students who took the course of emergency nursing in disasters and events. Materials and Methods: The current quasi-experimental study was conducted on 27 undergraduate students of the 6th semester in Aja Nursing Faculty enrolled in a full-scale study in 2018. The critical thinking styles of students were assessed using the California critical thinking questionnaire before and two weeks after training. The clinical reasoning training program was presented using a repeat hypothesis model in five educational sessions. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 23 using paired samples t-test.Results: In the present study, the mean and standard deviation scores of critical thinking were respectively 7.63 ± 2.02 and 7.9 ± 3.36 before and after the training program. There was a significant difference between before and after mean scores of critical thinking education (P = 0.047); training with clinical reasoning method improved the critical thinking skills compared to the study onset in the students. Discussion and Conclusion:The critical thinking level of nursing students increased significantly after receiving educations with the method of clinical reasoning compared to the study onset level. It can be concluded that this educational method, like other active teaching methods, can improve critical thinking in nursing students.It is hoped that using this method will be an effective step toward better learning of the students and improving the performance of nurses in clinical practice.

Introduction: Pain evaluation in patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) that are often not able to communicate verbally due to changes in consciousness, mechanical ventilation, and taking relaxation medications is a complicated task and one of the most basic problems for nurses. Proper pain measurement in such patients requires the use of a valid and reliable scale. Non-verbal pain scale (NVPS) includes behavioral and physiological indicators. The behavioral part of the scale includes facial expressions, activity/mobility, and guarding, and the physiological part includes the vital signs as blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration. The validity of the scale as a reliable instrument to monitor and evaluate pain in patients without verbal communications was confirmed in many studies and accordingly it was introduced by the American Pain Society, but it is not translated into Persian language and accordingly not validated in Iran.Objective: The current study aimed at translating, reviewing, and validating NVPS in patients without verbal communication who admitted to ICU. Materials and Methods:The current methodological research was conducted from May 2011 to May 2012 in ICUs of military hospitals in Kerman, Iran. After the translation of NVPS by experts, reviewing and reforming its items, the qualitative validity was confirmed based on the comments of the respondents and the method of determining the clinical impact was used to determine its quantitative face validity. The content validity was determined by the panel of experts and opinion polls. Structural validity was determined by the hypothesis testing method. The method of agreement between evaluators was used to estimate reliability, and by the use of intra-cluster correlation within the group, the agreement between the experts was measured. Results:The content validity ratio was calculated based on the number of experts in the panel using the modified Lowsheh table and cut off point was 0.49. The content validity of the scale was 0.82 using the average content validity index; the relevance of the item to the pain of the patients was confirmed for all the items. The agreement between the researcher and under study nurses was assessed using the Kappa agreement coefficient for facial, activity, guard state, and excitement items as >0.4. The scale reliability was also confirmed in the items. Discussion and Conclusion:Translation and revision of NVPS provided an appropriate and standard tool for the nurses to assess the level of pain in adult patients without verbal communication admitted to ICU. The training and application of this scale have made it possible to empower the treatment staff, especially nurses, to be able to monitor, manage, and control the pain of the patients, which by reducing the level of pain and its duration, the quality of care can also be improved in such patients.

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