No abstract

Estratégia Saúde da Família. RESUMOA Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) tem representado, na atualidade, um importante modo de reorientação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Brasil, pautando-se na territorialização e na reorganização das ações de saúde junto às comunidades, a partir do trabalho de distintos profissionais. Nesse âmbito, a relação de proximidade e de continuidade da ESF com a coletividade tem permitido a emergência de problemas bioéticos de díspares ordens, os quais necessitam ser abordados pelos profissionais da ESF com as ferramentas teóricas adequadas. Com base nessas ponderações, o presente artigo apresenta elementos para a construção de um processo de formação bioética para os trabalhadores da ESF, enfatizando (1) o que abordar -os problemas bioéticos na ESF com base na literatura atual: (a) relações entre profissionais e usuários e suas famílias; (b) relações entre os profissionais da própria equipe; (c) relações entre profissionais e o sistema de saúde; (2) o como abordar -pressupostos pedagógicos e métodos de ensino-aprendizagem; (3) o desenho de uma oficina de formação bioética, de acordo com os pressupostos bioéticos e pedagógicos apresentados. Espera-se que as proposições do manuscrito possam ser úteis para o encaminhamento daquele que é, provavelmente, o grande desafio da bioética na APS/ESF: a incorporação dos conceitos éticos à ação do profissional, de modo a embasar as decisões autônomas dos membros da equipe. ABSTRACTThe Family Health Strategy (FHS) has represented an important form of reorganization of primary health care (PHC) in Brazil, based on the 'territorialization' and reorganization of health care in communities, drawing on the work of professionals from different fields. In this context, the tight and continued relationship between the FHS and the community has allowed the emergence of various bioethical issues, which need to be addressed by FHS professionals with the appropriate theoretical tools. Based on these considerations, this paper aims to present elements for constructing a bioethics training process for FHS professionals, emphasizing (1) what should be addressed: bioethical issues in the FHS based on existing literature [(a) relations between professionals and users and their families, (b) relations between professionals belonging to the same team, and (c) relations between professionals and the health system], (2) how to address the issues: pedagogical assumptions and teaching and learning methods, and (3) the design of a bioethics training workshop, according to the bioethical and pedagogical assumptions presented. The propositions made in the paper may be useful for mapping the route of what is probably the greatest challenge of bioethics in the FHS/PHC: the incorporation of ethical concepts to the professional's work in order to form a basis for autonomous decisions made by the health team members. Motta redigiram a primeira versão do texto, a qual foi revista criticamente por Andréia Patrícia Gomes e Rodrigo Siqueira--Batista. CONFLITO DE INTERESSESOs aut...

ResumoA bioética tem se tornado, nas últimas décadas, um tema de importância central para a prática clínica, por fornecer ferramentas teóricas para a tomada de decisão do profissional de saúde. A questão que se propõe diz respeito a como saber se a decisão é a mais apropriada, já que uma decisão na esfera clínica -quer se esteja atuando na atenção primária, secundária ou terciária -deve, necessariamente, ser acertada tanto do ponto de vista técnico, quanto do ponto de vista ético. A literatura tem apresentado diferentes modelos para a tomada de decisão no campo de análise da bioética clínica. Com base nessas ponderações, objetiva-se, no presente ensaio, apresentar apontamentos sobre (i) a tomada de decisão na área de bioética clínica e (ii) as possibilidades de abordagem computacional das decisões bioéticas. Palavras-chave: Bioética. Computação. Informática médica. Tomada de decisões. Técnicas de apoio para a decisão. Tomada de decisões gerenciais. ResumenLos modelos de toma de decisiones en bioética clínica: apuntes para un enfoque computacional La bioética se ha convertido, en las últimas décadas, en un tema de gran importancia en la práctica clínica, proporcionando herramientas teóricas para la toma de decisiones de los profesionales de la salud. La pregunta que se plantea es cómo saber si la decisión es la más apropiada, puesto que una decisión en el ámbito clínico -si se está trabajando en la atención primaria, secundaria o terciaria -debe necesariamente ser correcta desde el punto de vista técnico, como el punto de vista ético. La literatura ha presentado diferentes modelos para la toma de decisiones en el ámbito del análisis de la bioética clínica. Sobre la base de estas consideraciones, el objetivo en el siguiente texto es presentar puntos sobre (i) la toma de decisiones en el ámbito de la bioética clínica y (ii) las posibilidades de un enfoque computacional de las decisiones bioéticas. Palabras-clave: Bioética. Computación. Informática médica. Toma de decisiones. Técnicas de apoyo a la decisión. Toma de decisiones gerenciales. Abstract Models of decision making in clinical bioethics: notes for a computational approachBioethics has become over the recent decades a central question to clinical practice, due to the fact that it provides theoretical tools for decision making in health care. The issue that arises concerns how to know whether the decision made is the most appropriate, considering that a clinic decision -whether working in primary, secondary, or tertiary care -must be accurate from both the technical and the ethical point of views. As a result, different models for decision making in clinical bioethics have been presented in the literature. Based on these considerations, the objective of this article is to point important issues about (i) decision making in the field of clinical bioethics and (ii) the possibilities of computational approaches to assist such decisions.

Purpose Technological advances with commercial production of surface applicators allowed high-dose-rate (HDR) afterloading brachytherapy to overpass challenges associated with the delivery of superficial radiation when treating non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). We reviewed our single institutional experience using HDR to treat basal (BCC) and squamous cell (SCC) carcinomas. Material and methods A retrospective review of all patients treated with HDR and Leipzig-style applicators for NMSC at the Radiation Oncology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, from March 2013 to December 2018 was performed. Results Seventy-one patients with 101 lesions (BCCs, 69.3% or n = 70) and median age 80 (range, 51-102) years old were evaluated. The median follow-up was 42.8 (range, 12-82) months. The 3-year and 5-year actuarial local control (LC) rates were 97.9% and 87.2%, respectively. On univariate analysis, treatments with EQD 2 less than 50 Gy ( p < 0.001) and dose per fraction smaller than 3 Gy ( p < 0.001) were found to be statistically significant predictive factors of a worse outcome. On multivariate analysis, SCC had a worse prognosis over BCC ( p = 0.007, HR = 2.3, CI: 1.2-6.6). All patients developed some degree of acute side effects graded 1 to 2. Grade 3 acute side effects were observed in 9 (8.9%) patients. Moreover, severe late side effects (grade 3), hypopigmentation, and telangiectasia were observed in 4 (3.9%) patients. No grade 4 acute or late side effects were seen in this cohort. Conclusions HDR offers a convenient treatment schedule for patients and is associated with excellent LC. The most effective regimen, in terms of dose and fractionation, to treat superficial NMSC with HDR remains uncertain, but a moderate minimum EQD 2 dose of 50 Gy should be used.

Introduction: The use of robots in surgery has been increasingly common today, allowing the emergence of numerous bioethical issues in this area. Objective: To present review of the ethical aspects of robot use in surgery. Method: Search in Pubmed, SciELO and Lilacs crossing the headings "bioethics", "surgery", "ethics", "laparoscopy" and "robotic". Results: Of the citations obtained, were selected 17 articles, which were used for the preparation of the article. It contains brief presentation on robotics, its inclusion in health and bioethical aspects, and the use of robots in surgery. Conclusion: Robotic surgery is a reality today in many hospitals, which makes essential bioethical reflection on the relationship between health professionals, automata and patients.