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Wet scrubbers are one of the most important air-pollution control devices (APCDs) for the simultaneous removal of various acidic gases and particulates. This study was conducted on a lab-scale self-designed wet scrubber (WSB) system for the treatment of particle-bound water-soluble ions emitted from cooking fumes with/without adding bio-solution (namely, NOE-7F). The concentration and composition of eight particle-bound water-soluble ions in the three situations were determined. Three situations include (i) particle-bound water soluble ions in the cooking fume exhaust without applying WSB or NOE-7F treatment; (ii) treating particle-bound water soluble ions in the cooking fume exhaust with applying WSB without adding NOE-7F; and (iii) treating particle-bound water soluble ions in the cooking fume exhaust with applying WSB and adding NOE-7F_50X/100X/200X. The particle-bound water-soluble ions samples were collected and then chemical analysis of the eight water soluble ionic species (Na + , K + , NO 2 -, Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cl -, NO 3 -, and SO 4 2-) was conducted by ion chromatography. The result indicated that adding NOE-7F bio-solution by diluted 200 folds into wet scrubber water and forming blended circulation water has the good removal efficiencies and reaches removal efficiencies higher than 80% for both Na + (86.6%) and Cl -(85.9%). The addition of NOE-7F in the influent water had the enhanced effect on the particle-bound water-soluble ions removal and mainly promoted highly the hydrophilicity of particle-bound water-soluble ions in the water scrubber. The combination of both water scrubber and NOE-7F addition has a high potential for practical application.

Medicinal plants are a globally important resource for the treatment of disease and improvement of human health, and the only form of healthcare used by millions of people. Currently, the status of many medicinal species is threatened by overharvesting caused by increasing demand. While many species have been cultivated in soil, the resulting material often contains lower levels of medicinal compounds than that of wild-harvested plants. Hydroponic cultivation of medicinal plants may provide sustainable access, with research demonstrating increased secondary metabolite content in some species compared to both wild and soil-grown plants. There are a variety of hydroponic systems and techniques available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. As medicinal compounds are often localised within specific plant organs, selecting hydroponic systems that maximise the yield of the desired organs and metabolites is necessary. However, as of yet there has been no attempt to examine the literature with regards to the cultivation of specific plant organs of medicinal plants in hydroponics. This article explores the use of different hydroponic systems to cultivate medicinal plants and how the choice of system differs depending on the desired plant organ, as well as highlighting studies with novel outcomes that may provide value to the field.

To elucidate the characteristics of fine particulate matter pollutant emitted from a diesel engine, a fossil-based diesel fuel (D100) and two blended fuels consisting of D100 and waste cooking oil (WCO) convered biodiesel (W) are tested with a diesel engine generator at loads of 1.5 kW and 3.0 kW. The blended fuels contain 20% and 40% W and are referred to as W20 and W40, respectively. The PM 2.5 emissions and their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and metallic components are investigated. Experimental results show that higher concentrations of PM 2.5 , PM 2.5 -bound ΣPAHs and Σmetals, and ΣBaP eq are generated at the 3.0 kW load, with its greater fuel consumption (FC), than the 1.5 kW load. Additionally, of the three fuels, using W20 emits the lowest concentrations of PM 2.5 , PM 2.5 -bound ΣPAHs, and ΣBaP eq . Specifically, the reduction in ΣBaP eq mainly results from the effective inhibition of HMW-BaP eq . Conversely, when using W40, the PM 2.5 -bound Σmetals significantly decreases, and its composition is strongly affected by the metallic content in the fuel. Although W20 and W40 exhibit higher FC (3.0% more) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC; 3.1% more) than D100, they generate lower concentrations of PM 2.5 (18.1% less), PM 2.5 -bound ΣPAHs (22.8% less) and Σmetals (22.0% less), and ΣBaP eq (35.0% less) at both engine loads. The emission factors of these pollutants in the engine exhaust are also reduced, particularly at the higher load (3.0 kW). Accordingly, WCO-based biodiesel additives may decrease the PM 2.5 , PAHs, and metals exhausted by diesel engines, thus reducing the BaP eq of these emissions.

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