BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with increasing incidence and prevalence. The annual mortality rate of patients undergoing dialysis is more than 20%. The leading causes of morbidity and mortality in CKD are cardiovascular diseases, primarily atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Dyslipidemia is a common complication of CKD. It is a signicant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Alteration in lipid prole correlates with declining glomerular ltration rate (GFR) and degree of proteinuria. AIM: Ÿ To identify the altered lipid prole in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ÿ To note the alterations in different lipoprotein fractions in chronic kidney disease patients. Ÿ To note the difference in lipid prole in CKD patients on conservative management and maintenance hemodialysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Hospital-based observational Prospective study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Santhiram medical college, and general hospital for six months. Chronic kidney disease patients who are non-diabetic were taken for the study with informed and written consent taken from the patient. RESULTS: Plasma triglycerides(153.14±54.37mg/dl) were elevated, and plasma HDL (36±43.5mg/dl) was decreased in CKD patients. There is no signicant elevation of total cholesterol levels. On comparing lipid proles of CKD patients on conservative management and hemodialysis, there was a signicant increase in triglycerides in the hemodialysis group. CONCLUSION: Signicant elevation of triglycerides and VLDL was observed in patients of CKD on hemodialysis. Further, a reduced HDL cholesterol level was also observed in both conservative and hemodialysis groups of CKD patients. Dyslipidemia observed in Uremic patients may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis and further progression of chronic renal failure.

The concept of metabolic regulations deals with the varied and innumerable metabolic pathways that are present in the human body. A combination of such metabolic reactions paves the way for the proper functioning of different physiological and biological functions. Dealing with the adversities of a disease, engineering of novel metabolic pathways showcase the potential of metabolic engineering and its applications in the therapeutic treatment of diseases. A proper and deeper understanding of the metabolic functions in the human body can be known from gut-microflora and simulated yeast models. At molecular level, the metabolic regulation works mainly by modulation of the activities of the enzyme. This gives a brief understanding about the interactions between the molecular set of metabolomes and its complexity. The idea of model simulation can help us to draw some possible hypotheses regarding how different the components of a certain pathway are connected. Introduction of engineered microorganisms into the gut might bring about the required variation in the microbiota, thereby inducing them to express certain biomarkers specific to certain microbial groups forming a basis for disease diagnosis and pathogenesis. Since the metabolic homeostasis and observable phenotype are linked to each other, metabolism can be used as a diagnostic of the phenotype. The present review, therefore, focuses on the importance of both the gut-microbiota and yeast model in improving our understanding about the metabolic regulations involved in human health and disease.