The study aimed at finding out the morphological and clinico-pathological correlation of Orbital and Ophthalmic lesions in various eye institutes of Nepal. The study also aimed at finding out the prevalence of Ophthalmic lesions needing histo­pathological examination. This cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in various tertiary eye hospitals of Nepal from 2008 – 2012. The department of pathology was also incorporated in giving the correct histopathological findings in time. All the relevant data were entered in a specifically designed proforma for the study and analyzed. One hundred Oph­thalmic and Orbital lesions were studied in various age groups. Ophthalmic and Orbital lesions were highest (18%) in 31-40 year age group patients. Eyelid (57%) was the most commonly involved site. Clinical diagnosis was consistent with histo­pathological diagnosis in more than 60% of the cases. Among eyelid lesions, incidence of dermoid cyst (21%) was highest. While in Conjunctival lesions, granuloma pyogenicum (22.5%) was highest followed by other lesions. A clinico-patho­logical diagnosis of malignant orbital tumors or ocular tumors was made in 30% of cases. While 70% cases of Ophthalmic or orbital lesions were benign in nature. All Ophthalmic lesions removed surgically should always (without exception) be subjected to histopathological examination to establish correct diagnosis for further management. However this study has shown that a good clinical examination and diagnosis before subjecting the patient for histopathological examination gives the patient and the treating surgeon a better outcome. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i2.8442 Journal of Chitwan Medical College Vol.3(2) 2013 40-44

Purpose: To find out the epidemiologic features in 686 consecutive cases of fungal keratitis presenting in a tertiary eye hospital in the western region of Nepal. Materials and methods:A prospective hospital -based study was carried out on 1880 consecutive patients presenting with corneal ulcer in the outpatient department and cornea clinic of Lumbini Eye Institute, Bhairawa, Nepal. The socio-demographic data, predisposing risk factors, prior treatment modalities, laboratory results and the distribution pattern of fungus species were analyzed.Results: Diagnosis of fungus keratitis was established in 686 (36 %) out of the total study group of 1880 cases. The spectrum of fungi isolated were Fusarium species (Fusarium spp.) in 219 (31.9 %), followed by unidentified dematiaceous 151 (22 %), curvularia 122 (17.7 %) and unidentified hyaline in 111 cases (16.1 %). Men (59.3 %) were more commonly affected than women (40.6 %). The young adults age group of 31-40 years was most commonly involved (26.6 %). Corneal trauma (58 %) and topical steroids (12 %) were the most common predisposing risk factors noted. Conclusion:In contrast to the other studies done in Nepal, we found Fusarium to be the most common fungal isolate causing corneal ulcer followed by unidentified dematiaceous, unidentified hyaline and curvularia. Corneal trauma was the commonest predisposing risk factor in causing fungal keratitis.

Background: To evaluate fasting serum lipid profile and fundus changes in hypertensive patients,and grade the hypertensive status. Methods: One hundred consecutive subjects of hypertension, fitting inclusion criteria, with or without prior history of antihypertensive treatment were enrolled in a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Classification of hypertension was done based on The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7). All the subjects (200 eyes) were subjected to a detailed fundus examination Fundus changes were classified according to Keith, Wagener and Barker (KWB), and Modified Scheie’s grading system. Fasting serum lipids were measured using end point spectrophotometer. Data were collected using a prestructured proforma and analyzed using SPSS 19.0. Results:The mean age of participants was 58.5 years (SD=9.2 years; range= 33-84 years).One patient,according to the JNC 7 classification of hypertension was in stage 1 while 99 patients were in stage 2. Twenty eight subjects had electrocardiographic a b n o rma l i t y needing prompt treatment. According to KWB classification 54 patients had hypertensive retinopathy (HR), while by Scheie’s grading, 50 patients had HR. Statistically significant difference was found in mean cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride level was seen in different grades of HR. Conclusion: Significant number of hypertensive patients had HR on first presentation to department of Ophthalmology. Mean serum cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride levels were raised in patients with HR. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v1i2.6609 Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012;1(2): 103-7

Summary Background We undertook a Grand Challenges in Global Eye Health prioritisation exercise to identify the key issues that must be addressed to improve eye health in the context of an ageing population, to eliminate persistent inequities in health-care access, and to mitigate widespread resource limitations. Methods Drawing on methods used in previous Grand Challenges studies, we used a multi-step recruitment strategy to assemble a diverse panel of individuals from a range of disciplines relevant to global eye health from all regions globally to participate in a three-round, online, Delphi-like, prioritisation process to nominate and rank challenges in global eye health. Through this process, we developed both global and regional priority lists. Findings Between Sept 1 and Dec 12, 2019, 470 individuals complete round 1 of the process, of whom 336 completed all three rounds (round 2 between Feb 26 and March 18, 2020, and round 3 between April 2 and April 25, 2020) 156 (46%) of 336 were women, 180 (54%) were men. The proportion of participants who worked in each region ranged from 104 (31%) in sub-Saharan Africa to 21 (6%) in central Europe, eastern Europe, and in central Asia. Of 85 unique challenges identified after round 1, 16 challenges were prioritised at the global level; six focused on detection and treatment of conditions (cataract, refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, services for children and screening for early detection), two focused on addressing shortages in human resource capacity, five on other health service and policy factors (including strengthening policies, integration, health information systems, and budget allocation), and three on improving access to care and promoting equity. Interpretation This list of Grand Challenges serves as a starting point for immediate action by funders to guide investment in research and innovation in eye health. It challenges researchers, clinicians, and policy makers to build collaborations to address specific challenges. Funding The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, Moorfields Eye Charity, National Institute for Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust, Sightsavers, The Fred Hollows Foundation, The Seva Foundation, British Council for the Prevention of Blindness, and Christian Blind Mission. Translations For the French, Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, Arabic and Persian translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Background: There is a lack of study in the pattern of ocular morbidity in western hilly region of Nepal. Therefore a study was carried out to find out the pattern of ocular morbidity, in various age groups in a diagnostic, screening and treatment camp (DST) held in a western hilly remote region of Nepal. Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional study was done to find out the pattern of ocular morbidity in a western hilly region of Nepal. All the cases included in the study were examined thoroughly from Ophthalmological perspective and a diagnosis was made. Patients needing treatment both medical as well as surgical were advised accordingly and referred when indicated. Results: A total of 712 eyes of 356 cases were examined in this study. The range of the age varied from two months of life to 91 yrs of age. Age wise most number of cases were in the school going age group accounting for almost 80% of all the cases. The commonest ocular morbidity encountered were refractive error (15.4%), dry eyes, ocular allergy, followed by cataract. Majority of the cases had both dry eyes and ocular allergy. While 70 eyes of 35 patients had no ocular morbidity. Conclusion: The lower prevalence of age related cataract was due to the extensive cataract surgical coverage provided in the region by various organizations and because of lesser number of cases examined above the age of 40 years. Finding of just three cases of Xerophthalmia (X2B), pointed out towards the success of extensive Vitamin A supplement program run by the ministry of health. Keywords: Refractive error; dry eyes; ocular allergy; cataract DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v1i1.5795   Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 1(1): 35-38