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Introduction: Presence and severity of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization is an important factor to decide the treatment of chronic gastritis. This study aimed to find the prevalence of H. pylori colonization in chronic gastritis patients. Methods: This descriptive,cross-sectional study was carried out at the tertiary care center in the the western region of Nepal among the dyspeptic patients undergoing endoscopic gastric biopsy from October 2018 to March 2020 after approval from the Institutional review committee. Convenience sampling was done to reach the sample size. Two hundred fifty cases were included in the study. Data were recorded in proforma and Data analysis was done in the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0). The severity of H. pylori colonization and gastritis was graded using the Updated Sydney System. Results: All cases showed chronic gastritis on histopathology. H. pylori were seen in 150 (60%) of cases. Mild, moderate, and severe H. pylori infection was seen in 59, 78, and 13 cases respectively. Out of 59 mild H. pylori cases, 35 (59.32%) had mild chronic inflammation; out of 78 moderate H. pylori cases 51 (65.38%) had moderate chronic inflammation and among 13 severe H. pylori cases, 10 (76.92%) had severe chronic inflammation. Conclusions: Prevalence of H. pylori colonization is high in chronic gastritis and there is a parallel increase in the severity of gastritis with an increase in the severity of H. pylori load.

Background: Conventional Cervical Cytology is the most widely used cervical cancer screening test. The incidence of cervical carcinoma is incredibly high in developing countries due to lack of proper knowledge. The extensive use of cervical screening with Papanicolau smears had considerably increased the detection of precancerous and cancerous lesion of uterine cervix. Study was conducted to evaluate cytohistological correlation and to calculate concordance and discordance of Pap smear in detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions of uterine cervix. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 samples reported in Pap smear as cervical intraepithelial lesions and suspicious for invasive malignancies were selected and correlated with corresponding histopathological findings. It was an observational study done for a period of 18 months from November 2016 to May 2018 at UCMS-TH. All the statistical evaluation was done by using SPSS version 20. Results: During the study period 54 cases were evaluated. Atypical Squamous Cell of Undetermined Significance was the common abnormal findings in the Pap smear with frequency of 26 (48.1%). Out of total 54 cases of Pap smears, 30 (55.55%) were concordant while discrepancies occurred in 24(44.44%) cases with cervical biopsy. Conclusions: The study revealed a good correlation between cervical cytology and cervical biopsy. We also concluded that conventional Pap smear is a cost effective test for the early detection of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions.

Background Cement factory workers are exposed to cement dust at workplace. It leads to a greater prevalence of chronic respiratory signs and symptoms.  Objective To identify the prevalence of Work-related respiratory symptoms, its association with various risk factors, and to assess the outcomes like hospitalization and sickness absenteeism. Method Cross-sectional study was conducted in the Argakhanchi Cement factory among 190 workers with minimum work experience of 1 year. Census method was used for data collection. To assess the respiratory symptoms, sputum samples were collected; smears prepared by pick and smear method, and later stained by Leishman and pap stain. Smears devoid of alveolar macrophages were considered unsatisfactory for evaluation. Result The mean age of respondents with standard deviation was 35.56±11.45 years. The prevalence of Work-related respiratory symptoms was 31.6%. Age, no. of years worked, working in the raw materials department, burner and clinker department, cleaning department and wearing mask were the significant risk factors. On cytological analysis of the sputum sample, mild inflammatory cell noticed in 71.6%, moderate inflammation in 23.7%, and dense inflammation in 4.2%. Fungal spores were seen in 3.7%, fungal pseudohyphae in 0.5%, and bacterial colonies in 27% of the sputum samples. Out of 190 participants, 8(4.2%) of them had to be hospitalized and 17(8.9%) were on sick leave due to respiratory symptoms. Conclusion Pre-employment and periodic medical examination, frequent work shift, training on occupational health and safety, use of appropriate personnel protective equipment is recommended to reduce respiratory symptoms.